£be lake ffrencb Series 



EDITED BY 



EDOUARD PAUL BAILLOT 

Professor of Romance Languages in the Northwestern University 



Gbe Xahe jfrencb Series 



FRENCH 
PROSE COMPOSITION 



BY 



y 



EDOUARDP. BAILLOT 

PROFESSOR OF ROMANCE LANGUAGES, 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, EVANSTON, ILL. 



ALICE G. TWIGHT-RRUGNOT, Ph.D. 

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, CHICAGO 



- ■> 



CHICAGO 
SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY 

1901 






THE LIBRARY OF 
©ONGRESS, 

Two COHtd Received 

NOV. 1 1901 

COPVRIQHT ENTRY 

CLASS OL XXo. No. 

% 1 tS 

COPY B. 



COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY 
SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY 



HABSH, AITKIN * CUBTIS COMPART, CHICAGO 



PKEFACE 

In many respects, the needs of classes in learning the 
French language, have been satisfied by the existing 
grammars and editions of French texts ; but teachers 
have often found difficulty in making the transition 
from the somewhat mechanical sentences of grammars 
or beginners' books to the more difficult narrative 
French. It is here that the authors of this book have 
seen an opportunity for a new text in French composi- 
tion, which they hope may aid teachers in a very difficult 
part of their work. In two particulars they have aimed 
to improve on the present books : first, in making the 
selections for translation of about average difficulty and 
of real practical interest ; and, second, in giving definite, 
grammatical drill by the arrangement of material for 
translation. 

It must be remembered that a modern language is 
studied not only for the practical value it may have, 
but also for the discipline the study gives and the gen- 
eral knowledge which it may impart. This last point 
has been constantly kept in view in the selections for 
translation, and they will be found to contain much infor- 
mation on the history, customs, and men and women 
of France. The book does not profess to be a grammar, 
but purely a composition book. No rules are given, 
the aim being to require the student to remember those 

3 



4 PREFACE 

he has already learned and to help him to apply them 
in his translations. For this reason it is not advisable 
to begin the book until the student has completed the 
first part of his grammar and has obtained a working 
knowledge of irregular verbs. 

While a considerable number of the selections are 
original, the authors have made use of extracts from 
French writers, changing the original text so as better 
to illustrate grammatical rules. For this reason and for 
others which will suggest themselves to teachers, it has 
been thought inadvisable to give the names of the 
authors from whom the selections are taken. 



: 



TO TEACHERS 

Realizing that no plan for the use of a book can 
possibly be devised that will be equally good for all 
teachers or for all classes of students, the authors make 
the following remarks merely as suggestions. The 
teacher will readily discover that, to fit certain con- 
ditions, the plan offered below may be modified — for 
instance, by emphasizing the oral or the written part. 

The translation of the section assigned for study 
should, on recitation day, be written on the blackboard 
directly from the book by several students, each one 
taking a different part of the lesson. While this is 
being done, the teacher may have the remainder of the 
class translate orally the assigned lesson and also the 
preceding one. The translation placed on the board 
should be read and corrected by the students, the teach- 
er paying special attention to pronunciation and calling 
upon different members of the class to state reasons for 
the corrections. This will give a short review of the 
grammatical questions illustrated by the translation. 
The corrected lesson may be copied and handed to the 
teacher on the following class day. 

The preceding remarks apply also to the exercises in 
original composition based upon the selections. The 
questions or the answers and the individual rendering 
of each selection should be written and then used as the 



6 TO TEACHERS 

basis for the oral part of the lesson. The teacher need 
not, however, limit himself to the sentences in this 
book; the regular text that is being translated and its 
biographical and geographical notes will supply material 
for a large number of questions which may increase in 
difficulty as the pupil progresses. The teacher must 
use his own judgment as to the length of each lesson, 
but the experience of the authors has taught them that 
a short lesson thoroughly mastered is of much more 
value than a long one imperfectly understood. 



CONTENTS 

FAOB 

Preface 3 

To Teachers 5 

I. The Mont St. Michel (Use of the Article) . 9 
II. The Siege of La Rochelle (Ce, cet, cette, 

ces — dont — qui) 10 

III. Celebrated Animals (Possessive Case) . .11 

IV. The Climate of France (Comparatives of 

Adjectives) 12 

V. Tea in a French Village (Pronouns as 

Objects) 14 

VI. Henry the Fourth (Use of mes, tes, ses, nos, 

vos, leurs) 16 

VII. The Twelfth Day Cake (Numeral Ad- 
jectives) 17 

VIII. Charles the Ninth (Agreement of the Past 

Participle) 20 

IX. Charles the Ninth (ii. Agreement of the 

Past Participle) 22 

X. The Vase of Reims (Past Participle used 

with 6tre) 24 

XI. Military Service in France (Reflexive 

Verbs) 26 

XII. Military Service in France (ii. Reflexive 

Verbs) 28 

XIII. Instruction in France (Passive Form of the 

Verb) 30 

XIV. Duties of the Vassals (Use of the Sub- 

junctive) . . . . . . 33 

XV. Cabs and Cars in Paris (Remarks upon Con- 
jugations I and II) 35 

XVI. The French Language (Verbs in -evoir) . 37 
XVII. Life in the French Villages (Plural of 

Nouns) 38 

7 



8 



CONTENTS 



XVIII. The South of France (Agreement and Place 

of Adjectives) 40 

XIX. In Brittany (Place of Adjectives) . 41 

XX. Paris Suburbs (Indefinite Adjectives) . 42 
XXI. Philip the Sixth of Valois (Lequel, duquel, 

auquel, qui, que, dont) .... 44 
XXII. The Divisions of France (Questions— y avoir) 45 

XXIII. The Government of France (Y avoir— en) 46 

XXIV. Popular Song of Brittany (Infinitive and 

Indicative Present) 48 

XXV. France in the Middle Ages (Imperfect and 

Infinitive) 49 

XXVI. Galeswintha's Departure (Past Definite 

and Imperfect) 50 

XXVII. The First Abbeys (Past Indefinite and Im- 
perfect) • . 51 

XXVIII. Letter to the Count de Lastie (Past In- 
definite and Imperfect) .... 52 
XXIX. Trial of Joan of Arc (Adverb and Preposi- 
tion) 54 

XXX. Legends (Verbs in -vrir and -frir) . . .56 
XXXI. Influence of the Crusades (Falloir, vouloir, 

valoir, savoir) 57 

XXXII. The Epic Muse of France (Voir, pourvoir, 

s'asseoir, mouvoir, pouvoir) ... 58 

XXXIII. Romance of the Rose (Irregular Verbs in -re) 59 

XXXIV. Reynard the Fox (Verbs in -aindre, -eindre, 

-aitre, -oitre) 60 

XXXV. The Poetry of the Troubadours (The Verbs 

croire, ooire, lire, coudre, etc.) . 61 

XXXVI. The Songs of the Trouveres (The Verbs 

dire, etc. — Verbs in -uire, -aire) . . 62 
XXXVII. Birth of the French University (Verbs 

dbsoudre, etc. — Verbs in -ure) ... 63 

Letters 64 

Index of Proper Names 73 

Vocabulary 79 



I 

THE MONT SAINT MICHEL 

USE OF THE ARTICLE 

The Mont Saint Michel is one of the most pic- 
turesque spots in France. 1 

In the vast, flat expanse of sand, it rises 2 abruptly, 
like an island of rocks, in the 3 center of an immense 
bay, and the great mass of the Abbey at the summit 
seems to spring 4 from the rocky mount 5 and to con- 
tinue it with 6 walls and towers. 

The little houses of the fishermen crowd 7 on either 
side 8 of the one 9 narrow, winding street 10 ; and travellers 
sleep in cottages nestling 11 among the rocks. One 
hundred and fifty or two hundred steps of a steep, 
stone stairway 12 separate these cottages from the 
street. 

EXERCICE 

Kepondez aux questions suivantes : 

1. Qu'est-ce que c'est que le Mont Saint Michel? 

2. Ou est-il? 

3. Qu'est-ce qu'il y a au sommet? 

4. Oii sont les maisons des pecheurs? 

5. Oii dorment les voyageurs? 

translate, "is one of the spots the most picturesque 
(pi.) of France." 2 rises, s'eleve. 3 in the, au. 4 seems to 
spring, semble s'elancer. 5 rocky mount, mont rocheux. 6 with, 
par. 7 crowd, s'entassent. 8 on either side, des deux cotes. 
9 one, unique. 10 narrow, winding street, rue etroite et tour- 
nante. "nestling, nichees. 12 steep, stone stairway, raide 
escalier de pierre. 



10 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

II 
THE SIEGE OF LA ROCHELLE 

CE, CET, CETTE, CES—DONT—QUI 

La Kochelle is the 1 famous city, the 1 well-known port, 
of which Cardinal Richelieu speaks in his memoirs. 
This city was the stronghold of the protestants, and 
when Richelieu laid siege to it, 2 its defence was heroic. 
When La Rochelle capitulated, its thirty thousand 
inhabitants were reduced to five thousand. "What did 
you live on 3 during the last week?" asked a besieger of 
one of the prisoners. "On 4 jelly, sir." — "What have 
you done with the 1 boots, the 1 straps, the 1 belt, of 
which I find fragments in your pocket?" — "These 
things, boiled with brown sugar, 5 made the jelly I spoke 
of. I was lucky 6 to have this resource. Those men 
whom you see on the ramparts are tearing up the scanty 
grass and eating it." 

The heroism of the inhabitants made them bear 7 
all these sufferings without murmuring. 8 

EXERCICE 

Eepondez aux questions suivantes: 

1. De quelle ville de France Richelieu fit-il le siege? 

2. La Rochelle n'appartenait-elle pas a Louis XIII? 

3. Qui etaient Louis XIII et Richelieu? 

4. De quoi se nourrissaient les assieges? 

1 Use demonstrative adjective. 2 laid siege to it, fit le siege 
de cet endroit. 3 what did you live on, de quoi vous nourris- 
siez-vous. 4 on, de. 5 brown sugar, cassonade (fern.)- 6 I 
was lucky, favais de la chance. 7 made them bear, leur fit 
supporter. 8 murmuring, murmures (masc). 



POSSESSIVE CASE 11 

III 
CELEBRATED ANIMALS 

POSSESSIVE CASE 

The favorite animals of several great men have 
become 1 famous, as for instance 2 , Richelieu's kittens 
and Loti's cat, 3 the dog of Mary Stuart and that of 
Byron, the horse of Caligula and that of Boulanger. 

When the Cardinal, one of the greatest statesmen of 
France, was tired by his numerous duties, the playing* 
of his kittens rested him. Loti's cat 3 has suggested to 
him some very pretty passages ; he admires the grace- 
fulness of the nimble animal and its spirit of independ- 
ence. 

The faithfulness of the dog of the unfortunate queen 
of Scotland is legendary. 

The beauty of the horse flatters the pride of its pos- 
sessor, and the animal seems to understand and share 
the vanity of its master. 

EXERCICE 

Repondez aux questions suivantes : 

1. Quels sont les animaux qui sont devenus celebres? 

2. Comment savez-vous (v. to know) que Loti admire 
les chats? 

3. Qui etait Byron? 

4. Parlez des animaux favoris de Richelieu. 

1 have become, sont devenus. 2 for instance, par exemple. 
'cat, (fern.) lachatte. 4 the playing, les jeux. 



12 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

IV 
THE CLIMATE OF FRANCE 

COMPARATIVES OF ADJECTIVES 

France is larger than Illinois, but 1 smaller than 
Texas. Its rivers are much shorter than the Missis- 
sippi and narrower than the Hudson. 

The climate of France is better, generally, than that 2 
of the United States; it is more temperate. In the 
places where the cold is most severe in winter, the sum- 
mer heat is not so intense. 

Delicate persons 3 are better in the south: Cannes on 
the* shore of the Mediterranean, and Pau, in the 
Pyrenees, have the best climate for invalids. 

Many people prefer less temperate winters but cooler 
summers. For them, heat is the worst of evils ; so, 
avoiding the south of France, they go to 8 Touraine or 
to 5 Picardy, to 6 Lyons or to 6 Toulouse. 

The Parisian is comfortable nowhere away from 7 the 
capital. He will tell you that a month in the bracing 
air of the Savoy mountains is the most delightful 
experience you can have; in reality, for him, it is 
worse than the close heat 8 of the Parisian summer. 
He will assert that there is nothing worse than damp- 
ness, but at Nice or Mentone, the most pleasant of 
winter resorts, 9 he will sigh regretfully at the thought 

1 but, metis elle est. 2 that, celui. 3 delicate persons, les gens 
delicats. 4 on the, an. 5 to, en. 6 to, d. 7 away from, hors 
de. 8 the close heat, la chaleur lourde. 9 winter resorts, villes 
d'hiver, 



COMPARATIVES OF ADJECTIVES 13 

of the wet Parisian pavement. In truth, he prefers 
the smallest nooks of the Paris suburbs to the most 
picturesque regions of Brittany. 

EXERCICE 

Dites quel climat et quelle region vous preferez, et 
pourquoi. (Adaptez les phrases du texte.) 



14 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

V 
TEA IN A FRENCH VILLAGE 

PRONOUNS AS OBJECTS 

We were looking 1 mournfully [at 8 ] the falling rain 8 ; 
a rainy day* is not very entertaining when one is 
imprisoned 5 in a village inn. Suddenly my cousin 
(fern.) said 6 to me: " Please let me light a 7 fire and 
make you a cup of tea." I consented 6 ; she called 6 the 
landlady and said 6 to her: "Bring me some wood, and 
give me a teapot and some tea." — "I can bring you 
wood, but we have neither 8 teapot nor 8 tea;" and 
pointing 9 to me, "is the young lady ill? Is the tea for 
her?" — "No, my cousin is not ill." — "The gentleman 
looks so well, 10 it is surely not for him. It is for 
you, then?" And without waiting [for] an answer, she 
added, addressing me: "I will make you a cup of 
orange flower 11 : here we do not drink tea." — "We 
like tea," said my cousin, "it is a pleasure to 
us to 12 drink it." — "Then I am going to send my 
brother to the convent ; the nuns have a pharmacy and 
one can find everything 13 there. I can give you a 
china 1 * coffee-pot, quite new, and cups." 

The brother and the husband of the landlady were 
smoking 1 on the porch, and we heard the woman laugh- 
ing 15 with them at 12 our strange taste. 

1 Imperfect. 2 Words enclosed in brackets are to be omitted 
in the French. 3 the falling rain, la pluie tomber. 4 rainy 
day, jour de pluie. 5 imprisoned, enferme. 6 Use present in- 
dicative. 7 a, du. 8 neither . . . nor, ni . . . ni. 9 pointing, 
montrant du doigt. 10 looks so well, a si bonne mine. 
"orange flower, tisane a" or anger. 12 to, de. 13 everything, de 
tout. u china, de porcelaine. 15 Infinitive. 



PRONOUNS AS OBJECTS 15 

EXERCICE 

Completez les phrases: 

1. Apportez-moi du bois, s'il vous plait. Pourquoi . . . 

2. Je desire allumer du feu pour faire une tasse de 
the ; avez-vous une theiere? Non . . . 

3. Avez-vous du the dans l'auberge? Non, mais . . . 

4. Je n'aime pas la tisane d'oranger. Y a-t-il du 
the dans le village? Oui . . . 

5. Quelle theiere aurons-nous? Je . . . 



16 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

VI 
HENRY THE FOURTH 

USE OF MES, TES, SES, NOS, VOS, LEURS 

Before the battle of Ivry (1589), Henry the Fourth, 1 
according to his custom, 2 called upon 3 the God of bat- 
tles; then addressing his troops, he said: "My com- 
panions, your hearts are French ; I am your king, and 
there are 4 your enemies. I wish 5 to conquer or to die 
with you. Keep well your ranks, and if you lose sight 
of 6 your flags, rally around 7 my white plume 8 : you will 
see it ever on the road to honor and duty. ' ' 

He exposed himself 9 more than the bravest of his 
soldiers, and it was 10 one of his most glorious victories. 

The battle being won, Henry the Fourth ordered 11 
his men to 12 pursue their Spanish enemies but to 12 
spare the French. 

EXERCICE 

Eepondez aux questions suivantes: 

1. Que faisait (v. to do) generalement Henri IV 
avant une bataille? 

2. Voulait-il vaincre? 

3. A quoi les soldats devaient-ils (were they to) se 
rallier? 

4. Henri IV paya-t-il de sa personne a cette bataille? 

5. Qu'ordonna-t-il a ses hommes apres la bataille? 

1 Henry the Fourth, Henri IV. 2 according to his custom, 
selon sa coutume. 3 called upon, invoqua. * there are, voila. 
5 1 wish, je veux. 6 sight of, de vue. 7 rally around, ralliez- 
vous a. 8 plume, panache (masc). 9 he exposed himself, il 
paya de sa personne. 10 it was, ce fut. u ordered, ordonna d. 
"to, de. 



NUMERAL ADJECTIVES 17 

VII 
THE TWELFTH DAY CAKE 1 

NUMERAL ADJECTIVES 

On the 6th of January, 2 1743, Twelfth Day, 3 the 
steward of the Cardinal de Fleury invited eleven per- 
sons to dine with His Eminence. 

When the time came to allot the cake, 4 the Cardinal 
exclaimed mournfully: " To the youngest the honor; I 
celebrated 5 my eightieth anniversary ten years ago, I 
am the patriarch of this meeting." — "But excuse me, 
my Lord," said his right-hand neighbor, the Princess 
de Montbarey, "I was born on the 15th [of] January, 
1651 ; I am 6 therefore two years older 6 than Your 
Eminence." — "I," said another neighbor of the Car- 
dinal, "I am ninety-one years [of age]." — "You are 
more than ninety years of age?" exclaimed Fleury, 
astonished. — "Yes, My Lord; I was born the 3d [of] 
May, 1652." — "I am your senior by 7 one month: the 
3d [of] April of the same year," said the Count de 
Beaupre. — "Count, I am your senior by one year," 
said the Abbot d'Enneville: "27th [of] June, 1651." 
— "And," said a little wrinkled old lady, in a trem- 
ulous voice, "I have been 8 [a] widow these 9 sixty-two 
years, and I was thirty-four years of age when I lost 

1 The Twelfth Day Cake, Le Gateau des Rois. 2 Write 
numbers in words: le six Janvier. 3 Twelfth Day, Jour 
des Rois. 4 when the time came to allot the cake, quand il 
s'agit de tirer le gateau des rois. 5 Past indefinite. 6 Use 
avoir de plus. 7 by, de. 8 Present indicative. 9 these, depuis. 



18 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

my husband. " — "Why, 10 Marquise," said the astonished 
Cardinal, "then you are ninety-six years old?" — "If I 
live six years more, 11 " said the Count de Gensac, "I 
shall be a hundred. 12 " — "Twenty years ago I was 
young," said the Marquis de Nogaret, "I was seventy- 
five years [old]." — "In the year 1700," said the Mar- 
quis de La Foye, "I was fifty-two." — "If we lived as 
long 13 as the patriarchs," said the Countess de Com- 
breux, laughing, "two hundred years hence, 14 in the 
year 1943, I would be two hundred and ninety-seven 
years old." — "So would I, 15 " said the Count de Mesme, 
"for in the year 2000, that is to say 16 two hundred and 
fifty-seven years hence, I would be three hundred and 
fifty-four years old." — "What," exclaimed His Emi- 
nence, absolutely astounded, "lam the youngest, and I 
must divide 17 the cake!" 

The twelve old men and old women began to laugh, 
and the premier of King Louis caught sight of 18 
the delighted face of his steward. Three weeks later, 
at the death of Cardinal Fleury, a considerable legacy 
rewarded the flatterer. 

EXERCICE 

Repondez aux questions suivantes: 
1. Combien de personnes etaient invitees le Jour des 
Rois chez le cardinal de Fleury? 

10 why, mats. n more, de plus. 12 1 shall be a hundred, 
j 'aurai cent arts. 13 long, longtemps. u hence, dans (before 
the number). 15 so would I, et moi aussi. 16 that is to say, 
c'est a dire. 17 1 must divide, il faut que je partage. 18 caught 
sight of, apercut. 



NUMERAL ADJECTIVES 19 

2. Ces personnes etaient-elles jeunes ou vieilles? 

3. Qui eut l'honneur de tirer le gateau des rois? 

4. Qui etait le plus jeune, et quel age avait-il? 

5. Fleury fut-il satisfait? 

6. Comment le cardinal a-t-il recompense son inten- 
dant? 



20 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

VIII 
CHARLES THE NINTH 

AGREEMENT OF THE PAST PARTICIPLE 

The fourteen years daring which Charles the Ninth 
reigned in France were marked by continuous civil wars. 
Four religious wars succeeded each other 1 during that 
reign. The third ended 2 in 1570, by the peace of St. 
Germain, which was called later by the betrayed 
Huguenots a regular cutthroat treaty. It was a snare 
that the Queen-Mother had laid 3 for them. 

A year had passed* since that peace had been signed, 
and all the principal Huguenots had been summoned to 
Paris, where the marriage of their chief, Henry of 
Beam, was going to be celebrated, when the latter's 
mother died suddenly, poisoned, it 5 was declared, by 
perfumed gloves which had been sold to her by the 
court purveyor. Two months later, the famous prot- 
estant admiral, Coligny, was wounded by a would-be 
murderer. 6 

Did the protestants fear then that their ruin had been 
premeditated, and that they had been 7 assembled in 
Paris to 8 be exterminated? Did they think of defend- 
ing themselves 9 ? At any rate, the terrified young king 
was made to believe that, 10 and the order for their 

1 succeeded each other : use past indefinite of se succeder. 
2 Past indefinite of se terminer. 3 Use verb tendre. * Pluper- 
fect of se passer. 5 it, on (act.). 6 was wounded by a would-be 
murderer, fut victime d'une tentative d'assas,sinat. 7 that 
they had been, qu'on ne les eut. 8 to, pour. 9 of defending 
themselves, a se defendre. 10 Use active form with on. 



AGREEMENT OF PAST PARTICIPLE 21 

murder was signed by him. When the bell of Saint 
Germain l'Auxerrois sounded in the middle of the 
night of the 24th of August, 1572, the Saint Bar- 
tholomew — that dreadful slaughter of defenceless vic- 
tims, often stabbed while they were asleep in bed — was 
begun. During several days the protestants were killed 
without mercy in Paris and in the provinces. 

EXERCICE 
Repondez aux questions suivantes : 

1. Qui est Charles IX? 

2. Oii est St. Germain? 

3. Parlez de Henri de Beam. 

4. Pourquoi Charles IX signa-t-il l'ordre de tuer (to 
kill) les protestants? 



22 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

IX 
CHARLES THE NINTH 

II. AGREEMENT OF THE PAST PARTICIPLE 

Ever after 1 the fatal night when 2 the cries of the 
victims had begun to strike his ears, Charles the 
Ninth languished a prey to 3 a horrible disease. The 
two years during 4 which he lived, broken down by 
intense suffering, his weak brain was haunted by dread- 
ful remorse. 

Charles the Ninth cannot be absolved by history, 
but the greater part of the maledictions that he has 
called forth, 5 his mother deserved, 6 and they ought to 
have 7 fallen on that woman so enamoured of power. 
The shameful pleasures Catherine de Medicis had intro- 
duced into France, all the wickedness c that had dis- 
graced the Italian court and which had been brought 
into France by her, had prepared the court to commit 
atrocities. 

The queen, making use of the power she had over 
the weak intellect of her son, had made him her tool. 
All advanced education was denied him; he was cor- 
rupted by creatures of Catherine, so that 8 the power 
should be assured to her 9 ; and finally she urged 10 him 
on to the crime for which his memory is hated. 11 



1 ever after, depuis. 2 when, ou. 3 a prey to, en proie a. 
* during, pendant. 5 Use exciter. 6 Translate, ''are deserved 
by his mother." 7 ought to have, auraient du. 8 so that, afin 
que. 9 her, celle-ci. 10 urged, a pousse. n hated, execree. 



AGREEMENT OF PAST PARTICIPLE 23 

EXERCICE 

Ecrivez les morceaux precedents (VIII, IX) en em- 
ployant le present de l'indicatif a la place du passe 
indefini ou de l'imparfait, et le passe indefini a la 
place du passe anterieur. 



24 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

X 
THE VASE OF REIMS 

PAST PARTICIPLE USED WITH ETEE 

The Komans were beaten 1 in 2 the battle of Soissons, 
in 486, and the general Syagrius and his friends were 
delivered up 3 to the Salian Franks by the Visigoths, 
among whom they had taken refuge. 

Soissons and most 4 of the cities under Eoman rule 5 
in Gaul were taken by Clovis, king of the Franks. 
During this campaign many churches were plundered 
by the army, which had become master of the country. 

After the battle of Soissons, the precious articles 
captured were divided, according to 6 the custom of the 
Franks, by drawing lots. 7 A vase from the Church of 
Reims had fallen into their hands, and the bishop of 
that city had come to claim it. 

Clovis consented to give it back 8 to him, and the vase 
would have remained at the disposal of the king, but 
a soldier, jealous, broke it with a blow of his battle- 
axe; "You will have," said he to the king, "what 
chance will give you." 

Clovis restrained his anger. A whole year elapsed. 
During a review of the troops, the king approached 9 
this soldier and saying to him, "Your arms are badly 
kept, 10 " snatched his battle-axe from him and, while 
the soldier was stooping over 11 to 12 pick it up, split 

1 Past definite of £tre battu. 2 in, d. 3 Verb livrer. i most, 
la plupart. 5 rule, domination (fern. ) . 6 according to, selon. 
7 by drawing lots, par la vote du sort. 8 to give back, rendre. 
9 approached, s'approcha de. 10 Past participle of tenir. u stoop- 
ing over : past participle of baisser. 12 to, pour. 



PAST PARTICIPLE USED WITH ETRE 25 

[open] his head, adding, "It is thus that the vase of 
Reims was struck by you." 

Royal authority was already then so respected, that 
this fierce revenge was hardly noticed. 

EXERCICE 
Repondez aux questions suivantes: 

1. Quelle bataille eut lieu (took place) en 486? 

2. Qui est Syagrius? 

3. Quelles villes prit Clovis? 

4. Pourquoi un soldat brisa-t-il le vase de Reims? 

5. Quelle fut la vengeance de Clovis? 



26 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XI 

MILITARY SERVICE IN FRANCE 

REFLEXIVE VERBS 

At the age of twenty-one 1 all Frenchmen are called 
upon to serve their country for three years. As they 
may enlist two or three years earlier, many young men 
go to the barracks on leaving the lycee, so as to get 
rid 2 of the military service before they choose 3 a pro- 
fession. Those who have taken a bachelor's degree and 
registered for a university course, and those who have 
presented themselves at the competitive entrance exam- 
inations for technical colleges and have been received, 
pass only one year under the flag. 

But the young men who have flattered themselves on* 
escaping 6 two years of service must 6 beware. If they 
enjoy themselves too much and neglect their work they 
will fail in their final examination and will be obliged 
at the age of twenty-five to complete their three years 
of service. 

The young soldier rises very early, and, after he has 
rapidly washed and dressed and brushed his clothes, he 
has several hours of drill either 7 in the large yard of 
the barracks or 7 on the drill grounds. 

Although the life of a soldier is 8 hard, and the food 
coarse, when they have become accustomed to it, the 
young men fresh from school 9 generally enjoy them- 

1 Add "years. " 2 so as to get rid, pour se debarrasser. 3 Use 
infinitive. *on, de. 5 Infinitive. 6 must, devront. 7 either 
... or, soit . . . soit. 8 Subjunctive. 9 fresh from, & peine sortis. 



REFLEXIVE VERBS 27 

selves ; it is their first taste of independence, and they 
admire themselves in their uniforms. When their time 
is over most soldiers are sorry to leave their comrades. 
They have quarrelled often perhaps, but they have 
become attached to each other, 10 and even the rough 
military discipline has its charms. 

EXERCICE 

Ecrivez (v. to ivrite) des questions pour les reponses 
suivantes : 

1. Non, il ne faut (must) pas que tous les AmSri- 
cains soient soldats. 

2. Tous les Francais sont soldats pendant trois ans 
ou un an. 

3. lis sont obliges de completer leurs trois ans de 
service. 

4. Non, les soldats se reveillent de bonne heure. 

5. Oui, ils s'habillent rapidement. 

10 to each other, les uns aux autres. 



28 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XII 
MILITARY SERVICE IN FRANCE 

II. REFLEXIVE VERBS 

When they leave the army Frenchmen must not flat- 
ter themselves that they have paid their debt to the 
country. Every three } r ears, until they are 1 thirty-five, 
they will have 2 to serve under the flag for twenty- 
eight days, and after that, up to 3 the age of forty-five, 
they are called for thirteen days. 

The twenty-eight days' service is done in summer, 
during what is called the general manoeuvres. Two 
army corps 4 are opposed to each other 5 and they go 
through 6 all the manoeuvres of a regular campaign. 
Their tactics are criticised and judged: have they 
located themselves or hidden themselves as was best 7 ? 
did they attack and defend themselves as they should 8 ? 

Great importance is attached to these manoeuvres, 
and foreign envoys generally follow the movements of 
the troops very closely 9 so as to 10 report to their govern- 
ments. 

The fact that every Frenchman is a soldier explains 
the personal interest of every one in France in mili- 
tary matters. The immense army is of course a source 
of great expenditure and the cause of heavy taxes. 

1 until they are, jusqu'a ce quHls aient. 2 they will have, 
Us devront. 3 up to, jusqu'd. 4 army corps, corps oVarmee. 
5 to each other, Vun a V autre. 6 Use verb, passer par. 
7 as was best, pour le mieux. 8 as they should, comme Us le 
devaient. 9 very closely, de tres pres. 10 so as to, de maniere a. 



REFLEXIVE VERBS 29 

EXERCICE 
Ecrivez des questions pour les reponses suivantes : 

1. Non, ils n'en ont pas fini avec la yie militaire. 

2. Pendant vingt-huit jours. 

3. Les liommes font (v. to make; here, to serve) 
encore plusieurs annees de service. 

4. Les grandes manoeuvres sont une guerre simulee. 

5. Des etrangers viennent voir les grandes ma- 
noeuvres. 

6. Oui, tous les Francais ont un interet personnel 
dans les faits militaires. 



30 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XIII 

INSTRUCTION IN FRANCE 
PASSIVE FORM OF THE VERB 

If you examine the system of public instruction in 
France and in the United States, you are, at once, 1 
struck with the difference that is to be found. Both 
systems have evidently been adopted the better to suit 2 
the demands of each country. 

While in America it is thought best 3 that all children 
should be educated alike, in France two lines of public 
instruction have been established. 

In the Ecoles Communales, or free schools, where 
children of five years of age are received on leaving 
the Salles cPAsile (free kindergartens), a complete 
course of study* has been planned which is particularly 
fitted 5 to boys or girls who are to be apprenticed when 
they are 6 thirteen or fourteen years [old]. 

French is the only language taught in these schools, 
but the instruction given in grammar, literature, his- 
tory, geography, and mathematics is as thorough as can 
be given 7 in a seven years' course. Physics and the 
natural sciences, drawing and singing are also taught ; 
and while the boys are trained 8 [to] a manual trade 9 
the girls are carefully instructed in the womanly art of 
sewing and mending. 

1 at once, immediatement. 2 the better to suit, parce quHls 
repondent le mieux a. 3 it is thought best, on pense qxCil vaut 
mieux. 4 Plural. 5 is . . . fitted, convient 6 Verb avoir. 
7 can be given, on pent donner. 8 the boys are trained, on 
enseigne aux gargons. 9 manual trade, metier manuel. 






PASSIVE FORM OF THE VERB 31 

Children may leave school as soon as they are able to 
obtain the Certificate of Primary Instruction which 
ends the course. Those who cannot pass the examina- 
tion have to be left 10 in school until they are 11 fourteen. 

The second course of public instruction is given in 
schools called lycees when they are maintained by the 
government, and colleges when they are maintained by 
a city. The course for boys in all lycees and colleges is 
absolutely the same, but, as the best professors are 
called to the larger cities, the standard of study 12 in the 
latter is higher. 

A small tuition fee 13 has to be paid in lycees and col- 
leges ; it ranges from two dollars a month in the kinder- 
garten to eight dollars in higher classes. 

A twelve years' course has been organized, leading 
from the kindergarten to the bachelor's degree. A 
second modern language is begun the very 14 first year, 
Latin 15 at about ten years of age, and Greek 15 two years 
later. A complete course of study 12 in which Latin 
and Greek have been replaced by two modern languages 
is now offered in all the lycees and colleges. 

Students can be admitted to a university only after 
they have passed successfully the examination for the 
bachelor's degree, for there is no undergraduate course 
in the universities. The studies leading to the degree 
of bachelor have to be taken 16 in the lycee or college. 

Primary and secondary schools are not co-educa- 

10 have to be left, doivent rester. n until they are, jasqu' a ce 
quHls aient. 12 Plural. 13 a small tuition fee, un prix minime 
d'externat. u the very, des la. 15 Use the article. 16 Verb 
suivre. 



32 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

tional, but all universities in France receive women as 
well as men, and confer degrees on both. 

EXERCICE 

Comparez, en adaptant les phrases du texte, le sys- 
teme d'instruction des Etats-Unis avec celui de la 
France. 



USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE 33 

XIV 

DUTIES OF THE VASSALS 
USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE 

When a man received land from another, he had to 1 
kneel [down] before him, place his hands in the hands 
of his future lord, and declare that he became his man, 
that is to say that he was expected 2 to defend the life 
and the honor of his lord. Here is about the form of 
the liege-homage : 

"The man must 3 join his two hands in sign of humil- 
ity, and put them in his lord's two hands, for it is 
right 4 that he should submit everything to him and 
should promise him faith. It is just that the lord 
should receive him thus and should promise him faith 
and loyalty. We expect 5 the man to say sentences so 
worded 6 that it cannot be doubted that he is in honor 
bound to his lord." 

The vassal was obliged to serve his suzerain ; he was 
not 7 to doubt that the latter was right in all his quar- 
rels, nor to say to himself that reason had been given 
to him to distinguish between good and evil. The petty 
vassals feared that their suzerains would take away their 
land if it happened that they should discuss their 
orders. 

1 he had to, il fallait quHl. 2 he was expected, on exigeait 
qu'il. 3 the man must, il font que Vhomme. 4 it is right, il 
convient (impersonal verb). 5 we expect, nous exigeons. 
6 sentences so worded, des mots formules de telle sorte. 7 he 
was not, il ne devait pas. 



34 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

Therefore, for fear of suffering on account of their 
disobedience, they obeyed 8 their suzerains' orders, 8 what- 
ever were their own ideas. It would have been extraor- 
dinary, in a period yet so near barbarity, had not the 
lords taken unfair advantage 9 of such an authority. 

But, on the other hand, 10 feudalism developed many 
noble, manly virtues in men. Did we ever see, at any 
other period, so many 11 men showing 12 great courage 
and remarkable self-sacrifice? 

EXERCICE 

Mettez au pluriel la composition precedente: 
When men received, etc. 

8 obeyed . . . orders, obeissaient aux ordres. 9 had not 
the lords taken unfair advantage, que les seigneurs n'abu- 
sassent pas. 10 on the other hand, $ autre part. u so many, 
t ant de. 12 Past subjunctive with article before each adjec- 
tive. 



REMARKS UPON CONJUGATIONS I AND II 35 

XV 

CABS AND CARS IN PARIS 
REMARKS UPON CONJUGATIONS I AND II 

Do you remember 1 our conversation about 2 the old- 
fashioned 3 Paris omnibuses and the French routine? I 
appeal to all Americans to declare 4 how wrongly we 
judged. 

I take daily the Metropolitan, the underground elec- 
tric railway. With numbers 5 of others I file past 6 the 
ticket window, and buy a first-class ticket 7 for five cents ; 
then I run downstairs, and throw myself into an over- 
crowded car which reminds me of those of Chicago. 
The train takes 8 me from one end of Paris to the 
other in half an hour, for we advance with marvelous 
rapidity, and the stations are not too numerous. 

The wireless electric street cars 9 and those propelled 
by compressed air are the most popular. Horse 
cars are now used 10 on a few lines only, and large 
double-decked 11 omnibuses only in the most beautiful 
streets and avenues of Paris where rails would be objec- 
tionable. 12 

I often repeat the delightful trip we took the first 
day: from the Place de la Concorde by boat to the 

1 Use se rappeler. 2 about, a propos de. 3 old-fashioned, 
a I'ancienne mode. i to declare, pour quHls declarent. 5 num- 
bers, beaucoup. ^ 6 past, devant. 7 first-class ticket, billet de 
premiere classe. 8 Verb mener. 9 Translate, ' 'the street cars 
electric wireless. " 10 Use active form of employer, with on. 
11 double-decked, a imperial. 12 objectionable, ginantes. 



36 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

bridge of Iena. I pay only two cents for this trip, 
whereas in the street cars we pay six cents inside 
and three cents for the outside seats. 13 I prefer the 
latter in summer, and however long the trip may be u 
I am never bored. 15 I really believe that I shall climb 
to the top of the omnibuses even when the weather 
is freezing. 16 

Every one has to take 17 his turn to get 18 a seat in 
a car. Tickets with printed numbers are given at the 
different offices before which the cars stop, and the con- 
ductors call out as many numbers as there are vacant 
seats. As 19 you do not pay for these tickets, when you 
are tired of waiting you can throw them away and take 
a cab. 

You remember how I hesitated before taking a cab 
in Chicago? In Paris we use them constantly, for we 
pay only thirty cents for an uninterrupted trip or forty 
cents for an hour's ride. To this we must 20 add five 
or ten cents as [a] tip. Thousands of these cabs roll 
day and night through Paris, and automobiles and car- 
riages are also most plentiful. 



EXERCICE 

Decrivez les moyens de communication dans une 
grande ville des Etats-Unis. (Imitez les phrases du 
texte.) 

"outside seats, imperial. u however long . . . may be, 
quelque long que soit. 15 to be bored, s'ennuyer. 16 Trans- 
late, "it will be freezing." 17 has to take, ilfaut que. 18 get, 
obtenir. 19 as, comme. 20 Verb devoir. 



VERBS IN -EVOIR 37 

XVI 
THE FRENCH LANGUAGE 

VERBS IN -EVOIR 

France had received from her Roman conquerors the 
Latin language, through 1 her barbarian conquerors she 
was to 2 receive the Teutonic language. We 3 can con- 
ceive that the people of the ninth century must 2 have 
thought that German or Latin was the language of 
France. It 3 was soon seen that Latin was disappearing. 
At the Council of Ingelheim, in 948, they had to 2 
trau slate into the Teutonic language the letter from 
the Pope Agapetus. 

Already at this time it 3 was noticed also that the 
popular Latin was being transformed.* We 3 can 
easily understand 5 that the subtle combinations of 
tenses, moods, and cases were not adapted to an igno- 
rant and coarse people. To 6 serve better the needs of 
this people, the vulgar Latin had to 2 be simplified; 
it then received the name of Romance language, and 
Latin became in Gaul a dead language. 

EXERCICE 
Repondez aux questions suivantes : 

1. Qu'est-ce que c'est que la langue romane? 

2. D'oii la France recut-elle la langue latine? 

3. Quelle autre langue recut-elle et de qui lui vint elle? 

4. Qu'est devenu (v. devenir, to become) le latin en 
France? 

1 through, par. 2 Verb devoir. 3 Use active form with on. 
4 Imperfect of se transformer. 5 Indicative present of conce- 
voir. 6 to, pour. 



38 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XVII 

LIFE IN THE FRENCH VILLAGES 
PLURAL OF NOUNS 

French peasants cluster together in adjoining houses 
in the narrow streets of villages. From dawn to twi- 
light they toil on their land. At noon, under the trees 
which shelter them from the summer heat, 1 they eat 
bread and cheese or sausage, drink the clear water of 
brooks, and lazily listen to the babbling of these 
streams over the pebbles. The French peasant does 
not talk much at mealtime. 2 

[In] the evening when work 3 is over 4 the ploughmen 
return 5 slowly to the village, while young boys or girls 
bring back 6 the flocks to their folds with the help of 
those faithful animals, shepherd's dogs. 

Young peasant women 7 often work in the fields, but 
they go home 8 early to prepare the frugal evening 
meal, generally a very thick soup made with cabbages, 
potatoes, beans, or other vegetables. 

The children rarely have toys, and the only 9 jewels 
of the girls are the crosses and chains usually worn 10 by 
all peasant women 7 in France. 

After supper, in summer, the villagers sit in groups 
before their doors; the men smoke their pipes, the 
women knit, and they talk or sing until bedtime. 11 

•summer heat: translate, "fires of summer." 2 mealtime, 
Vheure des repas. 3 Plural. 4 is over, out cesse. 5 Verb 
revenir. 6 Use verb ramener. 7 peasant women, paysannes. 
8 Use verb retourner a la maison. 9 only, seuls. 10 Verb por- 
ter. n bedtime, Vheure de se coucher. 



PLURAL OF NOUNS 39 

At least 12 once a 13 week the young men and young 
women dance gaily on the village green 1 * to the music 
of some local musician, who is always a very popular 
man. 

Such is the somewhat monotonous life 15 of the French 
peasants, and yet they are so attached to this existence 
that very few of them 16 are willing 17 to emigrate to some 
country where they would have less work and more 
comforts. 

EXERCICE 

Eepondez aux questions suivantes : 

1. Quels sont les plaisirs des jeunes paysans francais? 

2. De quoi se composent leurs repas? 

3. Pourquoi les paysans francais emigrent-ils tres 
peu? 

4. Que font les villageois le soir? 

12 at least, au moins. 13 a, par. M green, place. 15 Translate, 
"the life somewhat monotonous"; somewhat, quelque peu. 
i6 vei y f ew f them, Men peu. 17 are willing, consentent. 



40 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XVIII 
THE SOUTH OF FRANCE 

AGREEMENT AND PLACE OF ADJECTIVES 

The south of France is a rich and fertile region. The 
orange trees with their 1 golden fruit grow in the east of 
Provence, and the plains and little hills in the south are 
covered with olive trees always green. Grape vines 
spread everywhere their capricious branches. There 
the figs follow the well-known saying 2 : "Poor, they 
have their 3 dress torn; penitent, they hang down their 
humbled heads*; sad, they have tears 4 in 5 their 3 eyes. 4 " 

The fig tree and the olive tree are not large ; their 
foliage and their fruit are very different, but the nature 
of the soil which they need and the color of their 
leaves are nearly alike. The under side 6 of the fig leaf 7 
and of the olive leaf is gray. The ground in which 8 the 
olive tree grows, and the soil in which 8 the fig tree flour- 
ishes, are often rocky and dry. 

Sunlight 9 and heat 10 are necessary to these trees ; rain 
and cold are not good for them. Dampness and frost are 
bad for the fig tree, the olive tree, and the almond tree, 
so the climate and the soil of southern France are pecul- 
iarly suited 11 to their culture. 

EXERCICE 

Expliquez pourquoi le midi de la France est une re- 
gion riche. 

a with their, aux. 2 saying, dicton. 3 Use the definite 
article. 4 Use the singular. 5 in, d. 6 under side, envers. 
7 fig leaf, feuille du figuier. 8 in which, ou. 9 sunlight, 
soleil. 10 Repeat the article. u suited, conviennent. 



PLACE OF ADJECTIVES 41 

XIX 
IN BRITTANY 

PLACE OF ADJECTIVES 

A great festival: the 15th of August. The narrow 
streets of Saint Malo are thronged with a picturesque 
crowd. There are little cabin boys, young sailors, and 
old sunburned captains with their heavy eyelids lowered 
over their blinking eyes, a characteristic of hardened 
seamen. Eough peasants mingle with 1 them; they 
wear large round hats over their long hair, and their open 
jackets show their embroidered waistcoats. They have 
short breeches and low 2 shoes with shining buckles. 

The women wear short red, blue, or brown skirts, 
neckerchiefs of embroidered muslin, and white caps, 
with large or small wings, and infinitely varied in shape 
according to the region from which the women come. 3 

Young men, bold sailors, old women, young girls, 
fair-haired children with* serious eyes, all hasten 
toward the ancient church, their eyes lowered in ten- 
der humility or raised in happy ecstasy, as they join 5 the 
endless procession which already is passing slowly under 
the dark arches. 

EXERCICE 

Ecrivez le morceau precedent en employant l'impar- 
fait de l'indicatif au lieu du present. 

1 mingle with, se melent a. 2 low, decouverts. 3 from 
which .the women come, d'ou elles viennent. * with, aux. 
5 join, sejoignent d. 



42 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XX 
PARIS SUBURBS 

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES 

Nearly all Parisians are fond of 1 the country, and 
each Sunday every family is eager to go and spend the 
whole day in the woods and fields. Several families 
often arrange to go together to St. Cloud or Asnieres, 
or any other of the many pretty places around Paris, 
such as St. Germain or Versailles. 

Robinson is a favorite resort. Families carrying 
baskets of provisions come here, and for some 2 trifling 
sum they are all admitted to one of the many 3 restau- 
rants of the place, where they can dine perched in the 
branches of a tree, on a Robinson Crusoe-like plat- 
form, 4 — such a dining-room being the special feature of 
this suburb of Paris. Those who have not brought 
provisions may order a complete dinner or one or two 
dishes, which the restaurant will furnish at a reason- 
able price. 5 

Other people are satisfied with 6 a trip to the Bois de 
Boulogne or to the Bois de Vincennes. This trip costs 
only a few cents and even the poorest workmen save 
during the week to give their children this pleasure. 
They do not go far into the woods, for none of them 
wish to spend 7 their time walking, 8 and the lawns near- 

*are fond of, aiment. 2 some, quelque. 3 many, nombreux. 
4 Robinson Crusoe-like platform, plate-forme a la Robinson 
Crusoe. 5 at a reasonable price, a bon marche. 6 are satisfied 
with, se contentent de. 1 Verb perdre. 8 walking, a marcher. 



INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES 43 

est the entrance are thronged with' these family parties. 
Men and women lounge full length 10 on the grass, while 
the children play and gather wild-flowers. 

At nightfall, 11 — the women carrying the empty bas- 
kets and the men the younger children who are too 
sleepy to walk, — they return to their close rooms, tired 
without doubt, 12 but bringing with them a supply of 
fresh air and energy which will help them to do the 
hard work of the week. 

EXERCICE 

Eacontez une excursion que vous avez faite a Robin- 
son avec votre famille. 

9 with, de. 10 lounge full length, sont etendus tout de leur 
long, "nightfall, la tombee de la unit. 12 without doubt, 
sans doute. 



44 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XXI 

PHILIP THE SIXTH OF VALOIS 

LEQUEL, DUQUEL, AUQUEL, QUI, QUE, DONT 

Philip the Sixth of Valois succeeded Charles the 
Fourth, whose cousin he was. The law to which he owed 
the crown and which forbids the throne of France to 
women, is called the Salic law. 

No one protested at first 1 against the rights of this 
king, to whom the kingdom belonged because Charles 
the Fourth left only daughters. Edward the Third, 
king of England, whose mother, Isabella, was [a] 
daughter of Philip the Fourth, owed homage to France 
for the duchy of Guyenne. According to the rules 
which all obeyed, he presented himself before the new 
king in the cathedral. He was obliged to take off 2 
his crown, his sword, and his gold spurs, and he had to 3 
kneel [down] to swear fidelity to the king whose king- 
dom, in truth, he wished to take. 

Edward the Third always coveted this crown to 
which his birth seemed to give him some right. He 
undertook the hundred years' war 4 to acquire it. 
EXERCICE 

Repondez aux questions suivantes : 

1. Dites ce que c'est que la loi salique. 

2. De quel royaume Philippe IV etait-il roi? 

3. Comment s'appelaient son fils et sa fille? 

4. Quelles sont les regies auxquelles devait obeir 
Edouard III? 

5. Quelle fut la cause de la guerre de cent.ans? 

*at first, d'abord. 2 Use verb oter. 3 had to: verb devoir. 
* hundred years' war, guerre de cent ans. 



QUESTIONS — Y A VOIR 45 

XXII 
THE DIVISIONS OF FRANCE 

QUESTIONS— Y AVOIR 
[DIALOGUE BETWEEN A SCHOOLMASTER AND HIS PUPILS] 

My children, what is the name of this village?— Sir, 
it is called 1 the parish of Saint Lunaire. — In what can- 
ton is Saint Lunaire? — In the canton of Saint Briac. — 
And do you know in what district is Saint Briac? — Yes, 
in that 2 of Dinard. — Is this district in 3 Calvados? — Oh, 
no, sir: we are in the department of Ille-et-Vilaine. — Is 
that a department of Normandy? — No! of Brittany. — 
What are Normandy and Brittany? — They are prov- 
inces. — Is France divided into provinces? — No, sir, but 
it was formerly. — How is it 4 divided now? — Into eighty- 
six departments. — And how many districts are 5 there 
in France? — There are three hundred and sixty-two. 
— Are Provence and Languedoc departments? — No, 
ancient provinces. 

EXERCICE 

Kepondez aux questions suivantes : 
Comment la France etait-elle divisee autrefois et 
comment est-elle divisee maintenant? 

1 Verb s'appeler. 2 that, celui. 3 in, dans le. 4 Use active 
form with on. 5 Verb y avoir. 



46 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XXIII 
THE GOVERNMENT OF FRANCE 

Y AVOIR— EN 

Has the republic existed 1 long in France? — Since 
1871. — Had there been a republic in France before? — 
Yes, at the downfall of King Louis Philip, in 1848. 
— Had there been no French republic before that? — 
Yes, indeed 2 ; three years after the revolution of 1789 
the republic was proclaimed 3 in France. — How many 
parliamentary bodies are there in France? — There are 
two, as in the United States, the Senate and the House 
of Eepresentatives. — How are the members of the latter 4 
elected? — By universal suffrage. — How many senators 
are there? — Three hundred. — Who elects them? — 
Seventy-five are elected for life 5 by the Senate. — What 
happens when one of these dies? — The senators elect 
another. 

Who elects the two hundred and twenty-five other 
members? — Assemblies called Colleges. — What is a Col- 
lege?— In each department, it is composed of the deputies 
of the region, general councillors, district councillors, 
and one delegate from the municipal council of each 
commune. — For what length of time 6 are the two hun- 
dred and twenty-five senators elected? — For nine years, 
and they are renewed 7 by thirds every 8 three years. — Who 
elects the president of the republic? — The Senate and 

1 Present indicative of exister. 2 yes, indeed, mais out. 
3 Active f orni with on. 4 the latter, cette derniere. 5 for life, 
&vie. 6 for what length of time: translate, "for how much 
time." 7 Present indicative of ae renouveler. 8 every, tons les- 



Y AVOIR — EN 47 

the House of Representatives together 9 as 10 the National 
Assembly. — Is the president elected for a long time? — 
For seven years. 

EXERCICE 

Repondez aux questions suivantes: 

1. Quelles sont les trois republiques qu'il y a eues en 
France? 

2. Comparez 1' election du president des Etats-Unis 
a celle du president de la Republique franchise. 

9 together, reunis. 10 as, en. 



48 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XXIV 
POPULAR SONG OF BRITTANY 1 

INFINITIVE AND INDICATIVE PRESENT 

I see the wild boar coming out of the wood ; he limps, 
he is wounded. His open mouth 2 is full of blood; age 
has whitened his hair. 3 

He is surrounded by 4 his young, 5 growling with 6 hun- 
ger. 

I see the sea-horse coming to meet him, 7 and mak- 
ing the shore tremble with 6 terror. 

He is as white as snow; he carries silver horns on 
his head. 8 

Hold on 9 ! Hold on ! Sea-horse ! Strike him on the 
head; strike hard. His bare feet slip in the blood! 
Again, again ! Strike ! . . . Thou wilt rest to-morrow. 

EXERCICE 

Mettez au pluriel le morceau precedent. 

1 of Brittany, breton. 2 open mouth, gueule beante. 3 hair, 
crin. 4 by, par. 5 young, petits. 6 with, de. 7 to meet him, 
a sa rencontre. 8 on his head, au front. 9 hold on, tiens bon. 



IMPERFECT AND INFINITIVE 49 

XXV 
FRANCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES 

IMPERFECT AND INFINITIVE 

Before the Christians departed 1 for the countries 
beyond the sea, 2 says Guibert de Nogent, the king- 
dom of France was a prey to perpetual hostilities and 
agitations. Highway robberies were constantly talked 
of. 3 Fires* were numberless, and war reigned every- 
where without other cause than unquenchable cupidity. 
In short, 5 rapacious men respected no 6 property, and 
practiced plundering with boundless audacity. 

There was no 6 security for property, relates William, 
archbishop of Tyre ; if some one was considered as 
rich, that was a sufficient motive for throwing him into 
prison, keeping him in irons, and making him suffer 
cruel tortures. Brigands with swords besieged the 
roads, prepared ambushes, 7 and spared neither stran- 
gers nor men consecrated to God. Even cities and 
strongholds were not safe 8 from these calamities ; hired 
assassins 9 made 10 streets and squares dangerous for 
honest people. 11 

EXERCICE 
Eacontez l'etat de la France au moyen £ge sans 
suivre les phrases du texte. 

imperfect subjunctive. 2 beyond the sea, a" outre mer. 
3 highway robberies were constantly talked of, on n'entendait 
parler que de brigandages commis. 4 fires, incendies (fern.). 
5 in short, bref. 6 no, ne . . . aucune. 7 prepared am- 
bushes, dressaient des embuches. 8 safe, a Vabri. 9 hired 
assassins, des sicaires. 10 made, rendaient. " honest people, 
les gens de bien. 



50 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XXVI 

GALESWINTHA'S DEPARTURE 

PAST DEFINITE AND IMPERFECT 

When the Frank ambassadors came up 1 to salute 
their king's betrothed, they found her sobbing on her 
mother's breast. Rough men though they were, 2 they 
were moved 3 and did not dare to speak of the voyage. 
They let two days pass, and on the third they came 
and presented themselves 4 before the queen, informing 
her this time, that they were anxious 5 to start. . . . 
The queen wept and asked for one more day of delay 
for her daughter. 

But all possible reasons for postponement were 
exhausted 6 ; Athanagild interposed his authority as 7 
king and father, and, in spite of her mother's tears, 
Galeswintha was delivered into 8 the hands of those 
whose duty it was to lead her to her future husband. 



EXERCICE 

Ecrivez le morceau precedent en employant l'indicatif 
present: 

"Quand les ambassadeurs francs se presen tent . . ." 

1 came up, se presenterent. 2 rough men though they were, 
tout durs qu'ils etaient. 3 moved, emus. 4 presented 
themselves: use se presenter. 5 were anxious, avaienth&te, 
6 all possible reasons for postponement were exhausted, tous 
les retards possibles etaient epuises. 7 as, de. 8 delivered into, 
remise entre. 



PAST INDEFINITE AND IMPERFECT 51 

XXVII 

THE FIRST ABBEYS 

PAST INDEFINITE AND IMPERFECT 

The abbey was not only a place 1 for 2 prayer and medi- 
tation, it was also the refuge of books and learning. 3 It 
sheltered, moreover, all kinds of workshops, and its 
outer premises formed what we now call a model farm ; 
there were [to be found] examples of skill and activity 
for the ploughman, the workman, the landowner. It 
was, 4 in all probability, 5 the school where were taught 6 
those of the conquerors 7 whose own interest led them to 
undertake the cultivation and the colonization of their 
domains, two things of which the first announced 8 the 
second. 

EXERCICE 

Ecrivez le morceau precedent en employant le f utur : 
"Une abbaye ne sera pas . . ." 

1 place, lieu (masc. ) . 2 for, de. 3 learning, du savoir. 4 Past 
definite. 5 in all probability, selon toute apparence. 6 were 
taught, s'instruisirent. 7 Subject of verb sHnstruire. 8 Im- 
perfect of indiquer. 



52 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XXVIII 

LETTER TO THE COUNT DE LASTIE 

PAST INDEFINITE AND IMPERFECT 

Although I have not 1 the honor of being known to 
you, I hope that, having to offer you apologies and 
money, my letter will not 2 be badly received. 

I have heard that Miss de Clery sent from Blois a 
hamper to a poor old woman called Madeleine Levas- 
seur, so poor that she lives in my house ; this hamper 
contained, among 3 other things, a jar of twenty pounds 
of butter; all that reached, 4 I do not know how, your 
kitchen. The old woman, when she learned this, was 
simple enough to send her daughter to ask you 5 for 
her butter or for the price that it cost. You made 
fun 6 of her, you and your wife, and, then, as only 
answer, you ordered your people to drive her away. 

I endeavored 7 to console the distressed woman. I 
explained to her the rules of fashionable and highly cul- 
tured society 8 ; I proved to her that it would not be 
worth while 9 having people in one's service, if they 
were not used 10 to drive away the poor when they 
come to claim their property. 

1 although I have not, sans avoir. 2 will not, ne saurait. 
3 among, entre. * all that reached, le tout est parvenu. 5 to 
ask you, qui vous a redemande. 6 Verb se moquer. 7 1 endeav- 
ored, fai essaye. 8 fashionable and highly cultured society, 
du grand monde et de la grande education. 9 it would not 
be worth while, cela ne vaudrait pas la peine. 10 Active form 
of servir with on. 



PAST INDEFINITE AND IMPERFECT 53 

I showed her how justice and humanity are plebeian 
words ; I made her at last understand that she was only 
too honored that an earl should have eaten her butter. 
She has therefore begged me, sir, to express to you her 
gratitude for the honor you have done her, her regrets 
for the trouble she caused you, and the desire she has 
that her butter may have seemed good to you. 

And if, by chance, you had to pay something for the 
transportation 10 of the parcel which was addressed to 
her, she offers to refund you, as is just. 11 I only await 
your orders to carry out her intentions, and I beg of you 
to accept the feelings with which I have the honor to 
remain, sir, your very humble servant. — From 12 J. J. 
Rousseau. 



EXERCICE 

Repondez aux questions suivantes: 

1. Jean Jacques Rousseau connaissait-il le Comte 
de Lastie? 

2. Madame Levasseur a-t-elle recu son beurre? 

3. L 'a-t-elle reclame au comte? 

4. Qu'est-ce que le comte et la comtesse ont repondu? 

5. Jean Jacques Rousseau admire-t-il la conduite 
(behavior) de Monsieur de Lastie ou se moque-t-il (se 
moquer, to make fun) de lui? 

6. Que lui offre-t-il? 

10 transportation, le port. n as is just, comme il est juste. 
12 from, oVapres. 



54 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XXIX 

TRIAL OF JOAN OF ARC 
ADVERB AND PREPOSITION 

Joan of Arc, [a] prisoner of the English, found herself 
alone, without support, against judges ardently desirous 
to condemn her, who at one time 1 suppressed arbi- 
trarily all the proofs of her innocence and at another 3 
tried to embarrass her by questions infinitely delicate. 
"Joan," asked they, for instance, "do you believe you 
are in a state of grace?" — "If I am not, may God help 
me to it 3 ! If I am, may God maintain me in it!" 
— "Have you not often repeated that surely a stand- 
ard made like yours always brings good luck 4 ?" 
— "No, I only said to my men, enter boldly among 
the English; and I went before them." She declared 
firmly that she had never killed any one. "Why did 
you insist that your standard should be carried to the 
church of Eeims?" — "It had been with me in trouble, 5 
it was right 6 that it should be with me in honor." — 
"Why did people so frequently kiss your hands, your 
feet, and even your clothes?" — "The poor people came 
willingly to me because I helped them and defended 
them faithfully whenever I could." — "Are you now 
entirely convinced that you did well to leave 7 without 
your father's and mother's permission?" — "They have 
fully pardoned me." — "Did you think formerly that 

1 at one time, tantot. 2 and at another, et tantot. 3 may 
God help me to it, Dieu veuille m'y mettre. 4 brings good luck, 
porte bonheur. 5 in trouble, a la peine. 6 right, juste. 7 leave, 
partir. 



ADVERB AND PREPOSITION 55 

you were not sinning?" — "God ordered me then to 
leave. Had I had 8 a hundred fathers and as many 
mothers I would have left. "— "Do Saint Catherine and 
Saint Margaret hate the English?" — "They love those 
whom our Lord loves, and they certainly hate those 
whom he hates." — "Keally, does God hate the Eng- 
lish?" — "I know nothing about the love or the hatred 
of God for the English, but I know well that they will 
be put out of France, except those who will have per- 
ished by that time. 9 " 

EXERCICE 

Racontez Pinterrogatoire de Jeanne d'Arc sans 
employer les questions da texte. 

8 had I had, si favais eu. 9 by that time, avant. 



56 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XXX 

LEGENDS 

VERBS IN - YBIR AND -FRIR 

The popular poetry of France offers us numerous 
legends. In the 1 Middle Ages the people are 2 ill- 
clothed, badly fed, and serve brutal masters. Their 
life is covered with 3 a veil of sadness ; they have suffered 
and they will suffer, without reward and without hope. 
The legend shows them a marvelous world, and sud- 
denly they discover an ideal existence which opens an 
asylum to their imagination. The pious stories of the 
lives of the saints, extraordinary or touching tales,* 
show to the unhappy man good triumphing over evil, 
and uncover a horizon of hope. He has suffered, he 
suffers, perhaps he will suffer in the future, but Provi- 
dence watches over him. 

EXERCICE 

Repondez aux questions suivantes : 

1. Aimez-vous les legendes? Pourquoi? 

2. La vie du peuple au moyen age etait-elle agreable? 

3. Pourquoi aimait-il les legendes? 

4. Ces recits etaient-ils utiles {useful)? 

1 in the, au. 2 are, est. 3 with, de. * tales, les contes (masc. ). 



FALLOIR, VOULOIR, VALOIR, S AVOIR 57 

XXXI 

INFLUENCE OF THE CRUSADES 

FALLOIR, VOULOIR, VALOIR, SAVOIR 

You must know something of the influence of the 
Crusades, if you wish 1 to understand the different trans- 
formations of French literature. One should 2 always 
study the history of a country at the 3 same time as 3 its 
literature. The Crusades, which did not bring 4 to 
France a single inch of territory, were worth more to 5 
her than a victorious war of conquest. Whether they 
desired 6 it or not, and without being aware 7 of it, the Cru- 
saders felt 8 the influence of the foreigners who wished 9 
with them to conquer the Holy Land, and they learned 10 
much even from their enemies, who knew 10 many things 
which the invaders 11 did not know. 10 

These distant wars were necessary to establish rela- 
tions between the different nations and to give them 
points of comparison. Until the Crusades they had 
not known whether they were inferior or superior to 

their neighbors. 

EXERCICE 

Repondez aux questions suivantes: 

1. Pourquoi faut-il que vous sachiez quelque chose 
sur les croisades? 

2. Qu'est-ce que c'est que les croisades et de quel 
avantage ont-elles ete? 

x Verb vouloir. 2 Verb falloir, conditional present. 3 at 
the ... as, en . . . que. 4 Past indefinite of valoir. 5 to, 
pour. 6 whether they desired, qu'ils le veuillent. 7 being 
aware: subjunctive present of savoir, third person plural. 
8 felt, subissent. 9 Indicative present of vouloir. 10 Indicative 
present. u Singular. 



58 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XXXII 

THE EPIC MUSE OF FRANCE 
VOIR, POURVOIR, S'ASSJSOIB, MOUYOIR, POUVOIR 

We 1 may consider the epic poem 2 in the Middle Ages 
as moving in three cycles. In the Carlo vingian cycle 
we shall be able to find poems which go back 3 to Clovis 
and to Dagobert. Other ballads may be assigned to the 
time of Charles the Bald, and there are even verses 
on Hugh Capet, bat we shall see in them* especially 
the praise 5 of Charlemagne and of his paladins endowed 
with all the virtues. 

In the cycle of Arthur, move 6 the heroes of the 
popular tales of the Armorican Bretons; the knights, 
seated around the famous table, multiplied their legend- 
ary feats, and their chief became the ideal of chivalry. 

The third cycle will provide us with the most ex- 
traordinary disguises of classic legends. We shall see 
the story of Ulysses hidden under medieval 7 conditions ; 
Hector and Medea will move in costumes of the 
thirteenth century; Alexander will sit [down] with his 
twelve peers like a worthy medieval 7 knight. 

Indeed, 8 the epic muse of the Middle Ages is to us an 
inexhaustible mine of legends. 

EXERCICE 
Eepondez a la question suivante : 
Quels sont les sujets des trois cycles de l'epopee au 
moyen age? (Employ ez le present de l'indicatif.) 

1 we, on. 2 epic poem, epopee (fern.)- 3 go back, remontent. 
4 in them, y. 5 Plural. 6 Verb se mouvoir. 7 medieval, du 
moyen age. 8 indeed, enfin. 



IRREGULAR VERBS IN -RE 59 

XXXIII 
ROMANCE OF THE ROSE 

IRREGULAR VERBS IN -RE 

More than twenty-two thousand lines are included in 
"The Romance of the Rose," a long allegory written 
by two authors, Guillaume de Lorris and Jehan de 
Meung. 

The hero undertakes to pluck a rose which he has 
learned to admire and which is committed to the care 
of abstractions personified. "Danger" and "Felony" 
undertake to defend it. "Dame Idleness" 1 compro- 
mises the success of the hero by 2 making him acquainted 3 
[with] the castle of "Pleasure," 4 where he becomes 
enamoured 5 with 6 "Love." 

Guillaume de Lorris in details often imitates Ovid, 
but for the general form he was inspired by the 
poetry of the Provencals, 7 which he understood and 
appreciated. Jehan de Meung indulged in 8 bold 
invectives against the clergy and against the nobles. 

With "The Romance of the Rose" we enter 9 into a 
new period of thought. 

EXERCICE 
Racontez l'histoire de la "Rose": "II y avait une fois 
une rose," etc. 

1 Dame Idleness, Dame Oiseuse. 2 by, en. 3 acquainted, con- 
naitre. 4 Pleasure, Deduit (old French word). 5 becomes en- 
amoured : verb s'eprendre. 6 with, de. 7 Provencals, Proven- 
qclux. 8 indulged in : preterite of se permettre de. 9 Trans- 
late, "make our entrance." 



60 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XXXIV 
REYNARD THE FOX 1 

VERBS IN -AINDBE, -EINDRE, -AITBE, -OITBE 

During two centuries the burlesque epopee of Rey- 
nard the Fox 2 appears constantly. All the nations 
of Europe knew this endless epilogue and have 
described 3 the adventures of Reynard and added 4 to it 5 
other comic narrations. 

The wolf, the lion, and the donkey joined 6 the 7 fox, 
and under their traits are described 8 the eccentricities 
and the vices of mankind : real satire was born. 

To "Goupil the Reynard" was added 6 the "Crown- 
ing of Reynard" ; then appeared " Reynard le Nouvel," 9 
after which 10 came "Reynard." More than eighty thou- 
sand lines celebrate the exploits of this famous person- 
age, and this vast work 11 depicts all the feudal society, 
its life, its religion, its struggles. 

EXERCICE 

Repondez aux questions suivantes : 

1. Quelle fut l'innuence du "Roman de Renard"? 

2. De quoi ce roman est-il une description? 

1 Reynard the Fox, Le Roman de Renard. 2 Reynard the 
Fox, Renard. 3 Verb depeindre. 4 Verb joindre. 5 it, y. 6 Pre- 
terite of se joindre. 7 the, au. 8 Verb peindre. 9 The New 
Fox. 1Q which, quoi. "work, ouvrage (masc.)- 



THE VERBS CROIRE, BOIRE, LIRE, ETC. 61 

XXXV 
THE POETRY OF THE TROUBADOURS 

THE VERBS CROIRE, BOIRE, LIRE, COUDRE, ETC. 

While reading the Provencal poetry, we imagine 1 we 
can hear the echo of the joyous life of the southern 
lords in their castles. For the time being, 2 we are con- 
vinced that around us life is made up 3 of love and pleas- 
ures. The people enjoy themselves, 4 make love, 5 play 
and dance; the men fight in the tournaments, are 
beaten or conquer 6 their enemies ; the women believe in 7 
love, they talk of it while 8 sewing or spinning. 

When we have read some of the charming songs of 
the Troubadours in their original language, we are 
astonished at the 9 learned combinations of these verses. 
But the charm which conquers 6 us is a mysterious har- 
mony; this poetry, so clear and so simple, so light and 
so brilliant, has inexplicable depths of emotion. He 
who reads only translations of Provencal poetry may 
think he has 10 understood its 11 grace ; but he has only 
had a pale reflection of it. 

EXERCICE 

Parlez des Troubadours sans suivre mot-a-mot le 
texte et en employant l'imparfait de l'indicatif. 

1 Verb evolve. 2 for the time being, un instant. 3 life is 
made up: translate, "one lives." 4 enjoy themselves, s'amu- 
sent. 5 make love, aiment. 6 Verb vaincve. 7 in, a V. 8 while, 
en. 9 at the, des. 10 has, en a. u its, la. 



62 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

XXXVI 

THE SONGS OF THE TROUVERES 

THE VERBS DIRE, ETC.— VERBS IN -UIRE, -AIRE 

111 the country of the language of Oil, a whole class 
of poets wrote stories 1 of love and chivalrous adven- 
tures, in which 2 they told [of] the joys and the sorrows 3 
of love. 

These short romances are not planned 4 with art, the 
plots are reduced to the greatest simplicity ; the public 
did not care for 5 abstract and complicated romances, 
and the poets assented 6 to their wishes. The Trou- 
veres did not draw 7 from life any learned conclusions, 
and their readers never complained when the poets' 
inspiration led them to wearisome prolixity. 

The Count Quesnes de Bethune, inspired by the 
enthusiastic sentiment of religion and chivalry, writes 
his stories 1 of the crusades, and curses the egotists who 
seek their own advantage 8 in these distant 9 wars. 

Many pleasing passages may be found 10 in the poems 
of Charles of Orleans, the last of the Trouveres; but 
this poetry, reduced to a mere pastime, neglected all 
great or serious subjects; hence its decay. 

EXERCICE 
Eepondez a la question suivante: 
Quelle est la difference entre les chants des Trou- 
veres et ceux des Troubadours? 

1 stories, recits (masc. ) . 2 in which, dans lesquels. 3 sor- 
rows, peines (fern.). 4 Verb construire. b Verb desirer. 6 Verb 
souscrire. 7 Verb extraire. 8 advantage, gain (masc). 9 dis- 
tant, lointaines. 10 may be found, on pent trouver. 



VERBS ABSOUDEE, ETC., VERBS, IN -URE 63 

XXXVII 
BIRTH OF THE FRENCH UNIVERSITY 

VERBS ABSOUDRE, ETC.— VERBS IN -URE 

Under the protection of the church, teaching was 
born, 1 and the religious character of its beginning 2 did 
not delay 3 its progress. Guillaume de Champeaux, 
after having taught in the Cloister of Notre Dame, 
retired to the Priory of Saint Victor. The crowd fol- 
lowed him, as it was* soon to follow 4 its teachers to the 
Mountain Sainte Genevieve. 

The church decided at first to threaten professors 
and students ; they were excluded from the privileges 
of the Episcopal school. Soon, however, the Canons 5 
of Sainte Genevieve absolved the fugitives and the 
Latin quarter was filled with students and masters. 

"We smile to-day when we consider the primitive sur- 
roundings 6 of the first students ; but they worked 7 as 
much, discussed as much, and— laughed as much in 
the Latin quarter in the twelfth century as they do 
in the nineteenth. 

It is only at the beginning of the thirteenth century 
that the University of Paris appears as a body definitely 
constituted, and as a formidable power in the history of 
France. 

EXERCICE 

Decrivez les commencements de l'Universite en 
France. 

Preterite of naitre. 2 beginning, debuts (pi.). 3 Verb 
nuire with prep. d. 4 was ... to follow : indicative present 
of suivre. 5 Canons, chanoines (masc). 6 surroundings, in- 
stallation (fern. sing.). 7 Imperfect indicative. 



64 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 



LETTERS 
I 

INVITATION TO AN EVENING PARTY 

Mrs. Dumont requests the pleasure of Mr. and Mrs. 
Duval's company 1 on Friday [evening], December 
sixth, 2 at eight o'clock. 3 

8 Bond Street, December third. 



II 

ANSWER ACCEPTING THE INVITATION 

Mr. and Mrs. Duval accept, with pleasure, Mrs. 
Dumont's kind invitation for Friday evening, December 
sixth. 

December fourth. 

Ill 

ANSWER DECLINING THE INVITATION 

Mr. and Mrs. Duval regret their inability* to accept 
Mrs. Dumont's kind invitation for Friday evening, De- 
cember sixth. 

December fourth. 

1 requests the pleasure of Mr. and Mrs. Duval's company, 
prie M. et Madame D. de lui faire le plaisir de venir passer la 
soiree chez elle. 2 December sixth, le six decembre. 3 o'clock, 
heures. 4 their inability, quHl leur soit impossible. 



LETTERS 65 

IV 

INVITATION TO A DINNER PARTY 

Mr. Carton presents his regards 1 to Mr. Foster, and 
requests the pleasure of his company 2 at dinner, 3 on 
Wednesday next at five o'clock, to meet Mrs. Duruy of 
Paris. 

55 Drexel Street, 

June eleventh, nineteen hundred. 
An answer will oblige.* 

v 

ANSWER ACCEPTING THE INVITATION 

Mr. Foster presents his kind regards 5 to Mr. Carton, 
and accepts with pleasure his polite 6 invitation for 
Wednesday next. 

June twelfth, nineteen hundred. 



VI 

ANSWER DECLINING THE INVITATION 

Mr. Foster regrets that a previously arranged business 
engagement 7 will prevent his 8 accepting Mr. Carton's 
kind invitation. Mr. Foster has delayed 9 answering 

Regards, compliments. 2 requests, etc. : see letter I, note 1. 
3 dinner, diner chez lux. 4 an answer will oblige, reponse s'il 
vons plait (R. S. V. P.). 5 kind regards, meilleurs compliments. 
6 polite, aimable. 7 previously arranged business engage- 
ment, engagement d 'affaire prealablement accepte. 8 prevent 
his, Vempiche d\ 9 delayed, attendu pour. 



66 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

until to-day, hoping to effect a change of appointment, 1 
but has learned this forenoon that no change can be 
made without serious disappointment to others. 8 
June fourteenth, nineteen hundred. 



VII 

REQUESTING THE LOAN OF A BOOK 

Thursday morning, February 16, 1900. 
Dear Edward: 

Will you be so kind 3 as to lend me, for a few days, 
' 'The King of the Mountains," by Edmond About. 
You will greatly 4 oblige, 

Your friend, 

Charles Bennett. 

viii 

REPLY 

Thursday evening. 
Dear Charles: 

I send you the book with pleasure, and hope you will 
enjoy its perusal 5 as much as I did. 6 I shall be over to 
see you 7 next Saturday afternoon. 

Affectionately yours, 

Edward Arthington. 

Appointment, rendez-vous. 2 Translate, "seriously dis- 
appointing other persons. ' ' 3 kind, amiable. 4 greatly, beau- 
coup. 5 its perusal, de cette lecture. 6 I did, fen ai joui. 
7 Translate, "I shall go to see you." 



LETTERS 67 

IX 

INTRODUCING ONE LADY TO ANOTHER 

Bordeaux, 

September 12, 1900. 
Dear Mabel: 

I take this occasion to 1 introduce to you the bearer 
of this letter, Mrs. de Lalaude, who is on a 2 visit to 3 
her relatives in your city. Mrs. de Lalande is a very 
dear friend* of whom you heard me speak when you 
were in France. 

Believing that your acquaintance 5 [with each other] 
would be mutually agreeable, I have urged her to call 
upon you during her stay. 6 Any 7 attentions you may 
bestow [upon] her, during her visit, will be highly 
appreciated by, 

Your friend, 

Jeanne Boisseau. 

x 

TO A FRIEND, ON* THE DEATH OF A BROTHER 

Buffalo, New York, 

December 11, 1900. 
Dear John: 

I have learned with profound regret [of] the death of 
your brother. I condole with you most 9 sincerely on 

I I take this occasion to, je profite de T occasion pour. 2 on 
a, en. 3 to, chez. Ms a very dear friend: translate, "one of 
my good friends." 5 your acquaintance, de vous connaitre. 
6 stay, sejour. 7 any, n' 
'most: translate, "very. 



68 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

the sad event, and, if sympathy of friends can be of any 1 
consolation under 2 the circumstances, be assured that 
all 3 who knew him share [in] your sorrow for his loss. 
There is, however, a higher source of consolation than 
earthly friendship, and, in commending you to that, I 
remain, 

Yours faithfully, 

Eugene Thomas. 



XI 

LETTER COMPLAINING OF ERROR IN A BILL 

Milwaukee, Wis., 

May 9, 1900. 
Messrs. A. C. Flint & Co., 

Chicago. 
Dear Sirs: 

Upon examining bill accompanying 4 your last lot of 
goods 5 , I find 6 that I am charged 7 [with] four dozen 
pairs of gloves which I neither ordered nor received. 
I enclose 8 the bill, that 9 the error may be corrected. I 
am, 10 gentlemen, 



Yours respectfully, 



10 

F. L. Miers. 



x any, quelque. 2 under, dans. 3 all, tous ceux. 4 accom- 
panying: indicative present with qui. 5 goods, niarchan- 
dises. 6 find, decouvre. 7 1 am charged, on . m'a compte. 
8 1, or we, enclose, ci-inclus. 9 that, afin que. 10 1 am ... re- 
spectfully, Agreez, Messieurs, mes salutations empressees. 



LETTERS 69 

XII 

ANSWER TO THE FOREGOING 

Chicago, 111., 
May 11, 1900. 
Mr. F. L. Miers, 

Milwaukee. 
Dear Sir: 

We regret that you were put to any trouble 1 by the 
carelessness 2 of a clerk, who, having proved himself 3 
incompetent, has left our service. 

We enclose the corrected bill, and offer apologies 4 for 
the error. 

Yours truly, 5 

A. C. Flint & Co. 

XIII 

FROM A YOUNG MAN COMMENCING BUSINESS TO A WHOLE- 
SALE HOUSE, WITH ORDER 

Chicago, 111., 

August 10, 1900. 
Messrs. Long, Stevens & Co., 

Cincinnati. 
Dear Sirs: 

Having recently commenced business for myself 6 with 
fair prospects of success, I shall be pleased to open an 

x you were put to any trouble, vous ayez ete derange. 
2 carelessness, inattention. 3 himself, qu'il etait. 4 offer apolo- 
gies, vous prions cT accepter nos excuses. 5 Use same form 
as in letter XI, note 10, with the sing, of Messieurs and the 
plur. of mes. 6 having recently commenced business for 
myself, m'etant recemment etabli pour mon compte. 



70 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

account with your house, and trust 1 it will be to our 
mutual advantage. Should you think favorably of the 
matter, 2 you will please fill the accompanying 3 order 
with the least possible delay, and on your best terms. 

For testimonials, 4 I refer 5 you to Cross, Snelland & 
Co. , of your city, by whom I have been, until recently, 
employed ; but, as this is my first transaction with your 
house, upon your forwarding 6 me an invoice of goods 
and deducting your usual discount for cash, I will remit 
a sight draft on the First National Bank of your city, for 
the amount, by return mail. 7 Expecting your usual 
prompt attention, I am, 

Yours respectfully, 8 

John Thompson, 
xiv 

REPLY FROM WHOLESALE HOUSE, WITH INVOICE 

Cincinnati, Ohio, 

August 12, 1900. 
Mr. John Thompson, 

Chicago, III. 
Dear Sir: 

We take pleasure in sending you this day, by your 
order, 9 the enclosed 10 invoice of goods, amounting to 
$1,200, subject to 5 per cent discount 11 for prompt cash. 12 

1 trust, fespere. 2 should you think favorably of the mat- 
ter, si ce que je vous propose vous convient. 3 accompanying, 
ci-inelus. 4 testimonials, references (pi.). 5 refer, adresserai. 
6 upon your forwarding, des que vous m'enverrez. 7 return 
mail, retour du courrier. 8 yours respectfully : see letter XI, 
note 10. 9 by your order, suivant vos instructions. 10 enclosed, 
d-inclus. n 5 per cent discount, 5 pour cent de rabais. 12 for 
prompt cash, argent comptant. 



LETTERS 71 

Your references being entirely satisfactory, we have 
no hesitation in opening 1 an account and allowing you 
our best terms. Trusting 2 that the goods, which are 
shipped 3 by express, will arrive safely and meet your 
favor 4 , we are, 

Yours truly, 5 

Loxg, Stevens & Co. 

XV 

letter of regrets 

My Dear Martha: 

It will be 6 quite impossible for us 6 to join you 7 to-day. 
I fear you may be 8 displeased by the fact that I have 
not written you sooner, but I did not imagine that I 
would have so much to do at the last moment. I 
thought that I would finish all my packing yesterday 
and had no doubt that we could come to Saint Germain 
to-day. 

Instead of going to that delightful picnic, we must 9 
work all the afternoon, for our house is still topsy- 
turvy. 10 

What makes me all the more sorry 11 is that we are 
obliged to leave Paris without seeing you again. I hope 
that you will join us at Chamouni, for I am afraid 

1 in opening, a vous ouvrir. 2 trusting, esperant que. 
3 shipped, expedites. 4 meet your favor, vous satisferont. 
5 yours truly: see letter XI, note 10. 6 it will be . . . for 
us, il nous sera. 7 to join you, de nous joindre a vous. 8 may 
be : subjunctive present of etre. 9 Use falloir. 10 topsy-turvy, 
sens dessus dessous. "Translate, "what gives me still more 
regret." 



72 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

we may not return to Paris before November and 
I know that you go 1 in October. It is out of the 2 
question for us to separate for a whole year without 
your 3 having passed at least several days with us. I 
wish you could give us several weeks, but I know very 
well, unfortunately, that we can not hope to have that 
pleasure. 

Tell all our friends how much we regret not being in 
the country with them. You know, do you not,* with- 
out the necessity 5 of my telling you, 6 what a disap- 
pointment it is to me not to pass the last days of our 
stay in France with you. My sister wishes to add her 
regrets to mine. 

Good-bye, my dear Martha ; do not forget the friend 
who loves you so sincerely. 

Delphine Dupont. 

1 Verb partir. 2 out of the, hors de. 3 your, que vous. 
4 do you not, n'est-ce pas. 5 the necessity, quHl soit necessaire. 
6 of my telling you, que je vous le dise. 



INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 

About, Edmond, celebrated French author and journalist 

(1828-1885). 
Agapetus, Agapet II, pope from 946 to 956. 
Alexander the Great, Alexandre le Grand, king of Mace* 

donia (356-323 B.C.). 
Arthur, king of the Britons in the sixth century, famous in 

legend. 
Asnieres, village on the river Seine, near Paris. 
Athanagild, Athanagilde, king of the Visigoths of Spain 

from 554 to 567. 
Bartholomew, the Saint, La Saint Barthelemy, massacre 

of French protestants, August 24, 1572. 
Bearn, former province of France, on the frontier of Spain. 
Bearn, Henry op, became king of France under the name of 

Henry the Fourth, in 1589. 
Bethune, Count Quesnes de, a trouvere of the thirteenth 

century. 
Blois, city of France, on the river Loire. 
Bois de Boulogne -i woods or parks just outside of the Paris 

BOIS DE VlNCENNES ]* walls. 

Bordeaux, city and port on the Loire river. 

Boulanger, French general, head of a political plot against 

the republican government in 1891. 
Breton, inhabitant of la Bretagne (Brittany). 
Briac, Saint, village of Brittany. 
Brittany, La Bretagne, province of western France. 
Byron, famous English poet (1788-1824). 
Caligula, third emperor of Rome, son of Germanicus and 

Agrippina. 

73 



74 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

Calvados, department in the north of France. 

Cannes, city of southern France, famous for its excellent 

climate and beautiful site. 
Capet, Hugh, Hugues Capet, first king of the third French 

dynasty (987-996). 
Carlovingian, Carlovingien, belonging to the race or period 

of the Carlovingians, the second dynasty of French or 

Frankish kings (752-987). 
Champeaux, Guillaume de, master, then adversary, of 

Abelard ; a celebrated theologian and philosopher of the 

eleventh and twelfth centuries. 
Chamouni, Chamonix or Chamouny, town and noted valley 

in the department of Haute-Savoie. 
Charlemagne, king of France, crowned emperor in 800, 

(768-814). 
Charles the Bald, Charles le Chauve, king of France 

(840-877). 
Charles the Fourth, Charles IV, king of France 

(1322-1328). 
Charles the Ninth, Charles IX, king of France 

(1560-1574). 
Cloud, Saint, village near Paris. 
Clovis l, king of France (481-511), founder of French 

monarchy. 
Coligny, Oaspard de Chatillon, Sire de Coligny, French 

admiral and one of the chiefs of the Huguenots (1517- 

1572). 
Crusades, Croisades, holy wars undertaken by Christian 

Europe to drive the infidels from Palestine, during the 

eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. 
Dagobert l, king of Austrasia and Neustria, kingdoms of 

ancient France (622-638). 
Department, departement, France is divided into eighty- 
six departments. 
Dinard, city of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, in Brittany. 
Edward the Third, Edouard III, king of England (1327- 

1377). He began the hundred years' war against France. 



INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 75 

Fleury, Cardinal de, tutor, then prime minister, of Louia 
XV. (1653-1743). 

Franks, Salian, Francs-Saliens, tribe of Germans who set- 
tled first along the lower Rhine, then in the east and 
center of Gaul in the fifth century. 

Galeswintha, Galswinthe, queen of Neustria, strangled by- 
order of her husband, Chilperic I. 

Genevieve, Mountain Sainte, Montague Sainte Genevieve, 
a hill in the Latin quarter, Paris. 

Germain, St., St. Germain-en- Lay e, a city thirteen miles 
northwest of Paris. 

Germain l'Auxerrois, Saint, a church of Paris near the 
Louvre palace. 

Germain, Faubourg Saint Germain, a part of Paris princi- 
pally inhabited by the old French aristocracy. 

Guyenne, western province of France. 

Hector, one of the Trojan chiefs, husband of Andromache, 
Andromaque. 

Henry the Fourth, Henri IV, king of Navarre, 1572 ; king 
of France (1589-1610). 

Holy Land, La Terre Sainte, ancient Palestine. 

Huguenots, name given to the Calvinists by the Roman 
Catholics after 1560 ; but now fallen into disuse. 

Ille-et-Vilaine, department of Brittany. 

Ingelheim, city of Hesse-Darmstadt. 

Ivry, city of the department of Eure near which a battle 
was won by Henry IV. in 1590. 

Joan of Arc, Jeanne oVArc, born 1412 at Domremy (Lorraine), 
saved France from the English, burned at the stake at 
Rouen in 1431. 

Languedoc, ancient province of southern France. 

La Rochelle, port and city on the Atlantic coast, in the 
department of Charente-Inferieure. 

Lorris, Guillaume de, French poet of the thirteenth 
century, author of the "Romance of the Rose." 

Loti, Pierre, Louis Viaud, celebrated novel writer, author 
of Mon Frere Yves, Pecheur d'Islande, etc. (born 1850). 



76 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

Louis Philip, Louis-Philippe I, proclaimed king of the 

French in 1830 after the revolution of July of the same 

year. He abdicated in 1848. 
Lunaire, Saint, village of Brittany, near Dinard. 
Lyons, second city of France, on the rivers Rhone and Saone. 
Malo, Saint, Saint Malo, city of Brittany. 
Mary Stuart, daughter of James V. of Scotland; became 

Queen of France by her marriage with King Francois II. 

(1542-1587). 
Medea, Medee, daughter of a king of Colchis, in Greek 

mythology. 
Medicis, Catherine de, queen of France, wife of Henry II., 

and mother of Francis II., Charles IX., and Henry III. 

(1519-1589). 
Mediterranean, Mediterranee (fern. ), sea between Europe and 

Africa. 
Mentone, Menton, city of France on the Mediterranean Sea, 

near the frontier of Italy. 
Meung, Jehan de, continued the "Romance of the Rose" 

begun by Guillaume de Lorris (1260-1318). 
Middle Ages, moyen age, period between the fall of the 

Roman empire (475) and the taking of Constantinople 

(1453). 
Mont Saint Michel, Mont Saint Michel, village of France 

on a rock in the Bay of the Mont Saint Michel ; magnifi- 
cent Benedictine abbey. 
Nice, French winter resort on the Mediterranean. 
Nogent, Guibert de, historian of the Middle Ages. 
Normandy, La Normandie, province of France. 
Notre Dame, the cathedral of Paris, begun in 1163 and 

finished in the fifteenth century ; one of the finest exam- 
ples of Gothic architecture. 
Oc, Langue d'Oc, the language formerly spoken south of the 

Loire river in France. The name came from the way of 

pronouncing the word oui=oc. 
Oil, Langue d'oil, the language formerly spoken in the north 

of France ; oui=o'il. See Oc. 



INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 77 

Orleans, Charles of, Charles d 1 Orleans, French poet, the 

last of the trouveres (1391-1465). 
Ovid, Ovide, famous Latin poet (B.C. 43-a.d. 17). 
Pau, city and winter resort in the department of Basses- 
Pyrenees ; castle in which Henry IV. was born. 
Philip the Fourth, Philippe IV, king of France (1285-1314). 
Philip the Sixth, Philippe VI, king of France (1328-1350). 
Picardy, Picardie, ancient province of France. 
Provencals, Provencaux (sing. Provencal), inhabitants of 

Provence. 
Provence, a southern province of France. 
Pyrenees, Pyrenees, chain of mountains separating France 

from Spain. 
Reims, city, one hundred miles northeast of Paris, in the 

cathedral of which the kings of France were crowned. 
Richelieu, Cardinal de, prime minister of Louis XIII. 

and one of the greatest statesmen of France (1585-1642). 
Round Table, La Table Ronde. The knights of the Round 

Table are the heroes of a fabulous chivalry instituted, 

according to the legends, by King Arthur. 
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, famous writer and philosopher ; 

author of Le Contrat Social, VEmile, etc. (1712-1778). 
Salic Law, the, La loi Salique, a law that excluded women 

from the throne. 
Savoy, Savoie, former province of Sardes; belonging to 

France since 1860. 
Soissons, city in the department of Aisne. 
Syagrius, Roman patrician defeated by Clovis at Soissons in 

486. 
Toulouse, large city of France, on the Garonne river; 

was well peopled long before the Roman conquest ; lis s 

university and important museum. 
Touraine, province of central France called the "Garden 

of France. ' ' 
Tyre, Tyr, a city of Phoenicia composed of two parts : one 

on the coast, one on an island ; it was called the " Queen 

of the Seas." 



78 FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION 

Ulysses, Ulysse, king of Ithaca, one of the principal heroes 

of the siege of Troy. 
Versailles, city fifteen miles from Paris ; has a magnificent 

castle built by Louis XIV. 
Victor, Saint, Priory of, prieure de Saint Victor, a famous 

school of the Middle Ages" at the foot of Mount Sainte 

Genevieve. 
Visigoths, name of the western Goths, a Germanic people. 
William, Archbishop of Tyre, Guillaume, archevgque de 

Tyr, historian of the crusades (1130-1193). 



VOCABULARY 



ABBREVIATIONS 



a. = active. 

adj. = adjective. 

adv. = adverb, adverbial. 

art. = article. 

auxil. = auxiliary. 

comp. = comparative. 

conj. = conjunction, conjunctional. 

f. = feminine. 

imp. = impersonal. 

irr. = irregular. 



interj. = interjection. 

loc. = locution. 

m. = masculine. 

n. = neuter. 

pass. = passive. 

p. part. = past participle. 

pi. = plural. 

prep. = preposition, prepositional. 

pron. = pronoun. 

retl. = reflexive. 



pu, 



sur, 



A, un, une, art. 

abandon (to), renoncer, n. 

abbey, abbaye, /. 

abbot, abbe, m. 

able (to be), pouvoir, pouvant, 

puis or peux, pus, a. 
about, a peu pres, adv. loc. 

prep.; a propos de, prep. loc. 
above, au-dessus de, prep. loc. 
abruptly, tout a coup, adv. 
absolutely, absolument, adv. 
absolve (to), absoudre, absolvant, 

absout, absous, — , a. 
abstract, abstrait, adj. 
abstraction, abstraction, /. 
accept (to), accepter, a. 
accompany (to), accompagner, a. 
accomplish (to), accomplir. a. 
according (to), suivant, prep. 
account, compte, m. 



account (on), a cause de, prep. loc. 
acquaintance, connaissance, /. 
acquainted (to be),connaitre, con- 

naissant, connu, connais, connus.«. 
acquire (to), acquerir, acquerant. 

acquis, acquiers, acquis, a. 
activity, activite, /. 
adapt (to), adapter, a. 
add (to), ajouter, a. 
address (to), s'adresser (a), rejl. 
addressed, adresse, p. part. 
adjoining, mur a mur. 
admiral, amiral, m. 
admiration, admiration, /. 
admire (to), admirer, a. 
admit (to), admettre, a. irr., see met- 

tre (to put). 
adopt (to), adopter, a. 
adore (to), adorer, a. 
advance (to), avancer, a. and n. 



79 



80 



VOCABULARY 



advantage, avantage, m. 
adventure, aventure, /. 
advice, avis, m. 
affectionately, affectueusement, 

adv. 
afflicted, afflige, p.part. 
afraid (to be), craindre, craignant, 

craint, crains, craignis, a. 
after, apres, prep. 
afternoon, apres-midi, m. 
again, encore, adv.; de nouveau, 

adv. loc. 
against, contre, prep. 
age, age, m. 
agitation, trouble, m. 
ago, ily a. 

agreeable, agreable, adj. 
air, air, m. 

alike, pareil, adj.; de meme, adv. loc. 
all, tout, toute, tous, toutes, adj. 
allegory, allegorie, /. 
allot (to), allouer, a.; distribuer, a. 
allow (to), accorder, a.; permettre, 

a. irr., see mettre {to put). 
almond-tree, amandier, m. 
alone, seul, adj. 
already, deja, adv. 
although, bien que, conj. loc. 
always, toujours, adv. 
ambassador, ambassadeur, m. 
ambush, einbucbe,/. 
America, Amerique, /. 
American, Americain, m. and adj. 
amiable, aimable, adj. 
among, parmi, prep. ; entre, prep. 
amount, montant, m. 
amount (to), se monter, refi. 
ancient, ancien, adj.; vieux, adj. 
and, et, conj. 
anger, colere, /. 
animal, animal, m. 
anniversary, anniversaire, m. 
announce (to), annoncer, a. 
another, un (une) autre, pron. 
answer, rSponse, /. 
answer (to), repondre, a. and n. 



antiquity, antiquity,/. 

any, n'importe quel; not any, 

aucun, adj. 
anyone, quelqu'un, pron.; n'importe 

qui. 
anyway, en tous cas. 
apologue, apologue, m. 
apology, excuse, /. 
appeal (to— to), en appeler (a), n. 
appear (to), paraitre, paraissant, 

paru, parais, parus, n.; apparaitre. 

n. irr., conjugated like paraitre. 
applaud (to), applaudir, a. 
appointment, rendez-vous, m. 
appreciate (to), apprecier, a. 
apprentice (to), mettre en appren- 

tissage, see mettre {to put). 
approach (to), approcber, a.; s'ap- 

procher (de), rejl. 
appropriateness, apropos, m. 
April, avril, m. 

arbitrarily, arbitrairement, adv. 
arch, arche, /. 
archbishop, arcbeveque, m. 
ardently, ardemment, adv. 
argue (to), discuter, a. 
arm, arme,/. 

Armorican, armoricain, adj. 
army, armee,/. 
around, autour (de), prep. 
arrange (to), arranger, a. 
arrive (to), arriver, n. 
art, art, m. 
article, objet, m. 
as, comme, conj.; as for, quant a; 

as . . . as, aussi . . . que; as 

many ... as, autant de . . . que. 
ashes, cendres,/. pi. 
ask (to), demander, a. 
asleep, endormi, p.part. 
assassin, assassin, m. 
assassination, assassinat, m. 
assault (to), assaillir, assaillant. 

assailli, assaille, assaillis, a. 
assemble (to), reunir, a. 
assembly, assemblee, /. 



VOCABULARY 



81 



assent (to), consentir, consentant, 

consenti, consens, consentis, n. 
assert (to), afflrmer, a. 
assiduous, assidu, adj. 
assign (to), attribuer, a. 
assure (to), assurer, a. 
astonished, etonne, adj. 
astounded, abasourdi, adj. 
asylum, asile, m. 
at, a, prep. 
atrocity, atrocite\/. 
attach (to), attacher, a. 
attack (to), attaquer, a. 
attention, attention,/. 
attraction, attrait, m. 
audacity, audace, /. 
audience, auditoire, /. 
August, aout, m. 
author, auteur, m. 
authority, autorite,/. 
automobile, automobile, m. 
avenue, avenue,/. 
avoid (to), eviter, a. 
await (to), attendre, a. 
aware (to be), se douter, refl. 
away, loin de, prep. loc. 
axe, hache, /. 

Babbling, murmure, m. 

bachelor, bachelier, m. 

back, arriere, inter j. ; en arriere. 

bad, mauvais, adj. 

badly, mal, adv. 

bald, chauve, adj. 

ballad, ballade,/.; morceau, m. 

band, bande, /. 

bank, banque, /. 

bank, bord, m. 

banner, 6tendard, m. 

barbarian, barbare, m. 

barbarity, barbarie, /. 

bare, nu, adj. 

bark, ecorce, /. 

barracks, caserne, /. 

basket, panier, m. 

battle, bataille,/. 



battle-axe, francisque, /. 

bay, baie, /. 

be(to),etre, 6tant, 6te\ suis, fus, auxil. 

bean, haricot, m. 

bear (to), porter, a. 

bearer, porteur, m. 

beat (to), battre, battant, battu, 

bats, battis, a. 
beautiful,beau,acy./magniflque,a^'. 
beauty, beaute\ /. 
because, parceque, conj. loc. 
become (to), devenir, a. irr., see venir 

{to come). 
become accustomed (to), s'accou- 

tumer, refl. 
bed, lit, m. 

before, avant, prep. ; devant, prep. 
beg (to), supplier, a.; prier, a. 
begin (to) , commencer, a. 
beginning, commencement, m. 
believe (to), croire, croyant, cru, 

crois, cms, a. 
bell, cloche, /. 
belong, appartenir, n. irr., see tenir 

{to hold). 
belt, ceinture, /. 
bend (to), se pencher, refl. 
besiege (to), assieger, a. 
besieger, assiegeant, m. 
best, meilleur, adj.; mieux, adv. 
bestow (to), accorder, a. 
betray (to), trahir, a. 
betrothed, fiance, m. 
better, meilleur, adj.; mieux, adv. 
between, entre, prep. 
beware (to), se m6fier, refl. 
beyond, au-dela (de), adv. 
bill, note, /. 
bind (to), lier, a. 
bird, oiseau, m. 
birth, naissance, /. 
bishop, eveque, m. 
black, noir, adj. 
blinking, clignotant, adj. 
blood, sang, m. 
blow, coup, m. 



82 



VOCABULARY 



blue, bleu, adj. 

boar (wild), sanglier, m. 

boat, bateau, m. 

body, corps, m. 

boil (to), bouillir, bouillaut, bouilli, 
bous, bouillis, a. (In the active form 
bouillir is generally used in the in- 
finitive only and is preceded by the 
verb faire inits different tenses and 
persons.) 

bold, bardi, adj. 

boldly, hardiment, adv. 

book, livre, m. 

boot, botte, /. 

bore (to), ennuyer, a. 

born (to be), uaitre, naissant, ne\ 
nais, naquis, n. 

both, les deux. 

bottom, fond, m. 

boundless, sans limites,/./ effrene, 
adj. 

boy, gargon, m. 

bracing, vivifiant, adj. 

brain, cerveau, m. 

bran, son, m. 

branch, brancbe, /. 

brave, brave, adj. 

bread, pain, m. 

break (to), briser, a. 

break down (to), abattre, a. irr., t 
battre (to beat). 

breast, sein, m. 

breeches, culotte, /. 

bridge, pont, m. 

brigand, brigand, m. 

brilliant, brillant, adj. 

brilliantly, brillamment, adv. 

bring (to), apporter, a.; porter, a 

Brittany, Bretagne, /. 

brother, frere, m. 

brother-in-law, beau-frere, m. 

brow, front, m. 

brown, brun, adj. 

brush (to), brosser, a. 

brutal, brutal, adj. 

buckle, boucle, /. 



burden, fardeau, m. 
burlesque, burlesque, adj. 
business, affaires,/, pi. 

but, mais, conj. 
butter, beurre,/. 
buy (to), acheter. a. 
by, j)HT,prep.; -pres, prep. 

Cab, fiacre, m. 

cabbage, cnou, m. 

cabin-boy, mousse, m. 

cake, gateau, m. 

calamity, calamity /. 

call (to), appeler, a. 

call upon (to), invoquer, a. 

call upon (to), faire une visite; see 

faire (to make). 
called upon to, appele a, p. part. 
campaign, campagne, /. 
can, pouvoir, pouvant, pu, peux or 

puis, pus, a. 
canon, chanoine, m. 
canton, canton, in. 
cap, coiffe, /. 
capital, capitale,/. 
capitulate (to), capituler, n. 
capricious, capricieux, adj. 
captain, capitaine, m. 
captured, capture, p. part. 
car, tramway, m.; wagon, m. 
cardinal, cardinal, m. 
care, soin, m. 

care (to), se soucier (de), refi. 
carefully, soigneusement, adv. 
carelessness, negligence,/. 
Carlovingian, carlovingien, adj. 
carriage, voiture, /. 
carry (to), porter, a. 
carry out (to), suivre, suivant, 

suivi, suis, suivis, a. 
case, cas, m. 

cash, argent comptant, m. 
castle, chateau, m. 
cat, chat, m. 
catch (to), attraper, a. 
cathedral, cathedral, m. 



VOCABULARY 



83 



i Catherine (Saint), Sainte Cather- 
ine, /. 
cattle, b6tail, m. 
cause, cause,/. 
cause (to), causer, a. 
cease (to), cesser, a. and n. 
celebrate (to), ce!6brer, a. 
celebrated, celebre, adj. 
cent, sou, m. 
center, centre, m. 
central, central, adj. 
century, siecle, m. 
certain, certain, adj. 
certainly, certainement, adv. 
certificate, certificat, m. 
chain, chaine, /. 
chance, sort, m. 

chance (by), parhasard, adv. loc. 
Change, changement, m. 
character, caractere, m. 
characteristic, caracteristique.aey. 
charge (to), charger, a. 
charm, charme, m. 
charming, charmant, adj. 
Chatter (to), bavarder, n. 
cheese, fromage, m. 
chief, chef, m. 
Child, enfant, m. 
chimney, cheminee,/. 
China, porcelaine, /. 
chivalrous, chevaleresque, adj. 
chivalry, cbevalerie, /. 
Choose (to), choisir, a. 
Christian, Chretien, m. 
chronicler, chroniqueur, m. 
church, eglise,/. 
circumstance, circonstance, /. 
city, ville,/. 
civil, civil, adj. 
civilization, civilisation, /. 
claim (to) , reclamer, a. 
class, classe,/. 
classic, classique, adj. 
clean (to), nettoyer, a. 
clear, clair, adj. 
clergy, clerg6, m. 



clerk, employ6, m. 

climate, climat, m. 

climb (to), grimper, n. 

cloister, cloitre, m. 

close, (of the weather) lourd, adj.; 

(of the air) renferme\ adj. 
closely (very), de tres pres. 
clothed, vetu, p. part. 
clothes, vetements, in. pi. 
cluster (to), se grouper, refl. 
coarse, grossier, adj. 
co-educational, pour les deux 

sexes. 
coffee-pot, cafetiere,/. 
cold, froid, in. and adj. 
college, college, m. 
colonization, colonisation,/. 
color, couleur,/. 
combination, combinaison, /. 
come (to), venir, venant, venu, 

viens, vins, n. 
come back (to), revenir, n. irr., see 

venir (to come). 
come out (to), sortir, sortant, 

sorti, sors, sortis, n. 
comfortable, a son aise; confor- 

table, adj. 
comic, comique, adj. 
commence (to), commencer,a. andn. 
commend (to), recommander, a. 
commit (to), commettre, a. irr., see 

mettre (to put). 
commune, commune, /. 
companion, compagnon, m. 
company, compagnie, /. 
comparison, comparaison,/. 
competitive, au concours, m. 
complain (to), se plaindre, plai- 

gnant, plaint, plains, plaignis, n. 

refl. 
complete (to), completer, a. 
complicate (to), compliquer, a. 
compose (to), composer, a. 
compressed, comprime\ p. part. 
compromise (to), compromettre, 

a. irr., see mettre (to put). 



84 



VOCABULARY 



conceive (to), concevoir, concevant, 
concu, concpis, congus, a. 

conclusion, conclusion, /. 

condemn (to), condaruner, a. 

condition, condition, /. 

condole (to), sympathiser, n. 

conductor, conducteur, m. 

confer (to), accorder, a. 

conquer (to), vaincre, vainquant, 
vaincu, vaincs, vainquis, a. 

conqueror, conquerant, m. 

conquest, conquete, /. 

consecrate (to), consacrer, a. 

consent (to), consentir, n. irr., see 
sentir {to feel). 

consequently, par consequent, adv. 

consider (to), regarder, a.; con- 
sidered a. 

considerable, considerable, adj. 

consolation, consolation, /. 

console (to), consoler, a. 

constant, continuel, adj. 

constantly, constamment, adv. 

constitute (to) , constituer, a. 

contain (to), contenir, a. irr., see 
tenir {to hold). 

content, satisfait, adj. 

continual, continuel, adj. 

continuation, suite, /. 

continue (to), continuer, a. 

convent, couvent, in. 

conversation, conversation, /. 

convince (to), convaincre, a. irr., 
see vaincre {to conquer). 

cool, frais, adj. 

coolness, fraicheur, /. 

copy, copie, /. 

corner, coin, m. 

corps, corps, m. 

corpse, cadavre, m. 

correct, exact, adj. 

correct (to), corriger, a. 

corrupt (to), corrompre, a. 

cost (to), couter, a. and n. 

costume, costume, m. 

cottage, chaumiere, /. 



cotton, coton, m. 

council, concile, m. 

councillor, conseiller, in. 

counsel, conseil, m. 

counsellor, conseiller, m. 

count, comte, m. 

countess, comtesse, /. 

country, pays, m.; campagne,/. 

countryman, compatriote, m. 

courage, courage, m. 

course, cours, m. 

course (of), naturellement, adv. 

court, cour, /. 

cousin, cousin, m. (cousine, /.). 

cover (to), cOuvrir, a. irr. , see ouvrir, 

{to open). 
coveted, convoibG, p. part.; regrette, 

p. part. 
cradle, berceau, m. 
creation, creation, /. 
creature, creature, /. 
credulous, credule, adj. 
crime, crime, m. 
criticise (to), critiquer, a. 
crockery, ustensiles, m.pl. 
cross, croix, /. 
crowd, foule, /. 
crowd (to), entasser, a.; s'entasser, 

refi. 
crown, couronne, /. 
crown (to), couronner, a. 
crowning, couronnement, m. 
cruel, cruel, adj. 
crusade, croisade, /. 
cry, cri, m. 

cultivation, culture, /. 
culture, culture, /. 
cultured, cultive, adj. 
cup, tasse, /. 
cupidity, cupidite\ /. 
current, courant, adj. 
curse (to), maudire, maudissant 

maudit, maudis, maudis, a. 
cushion, coussin, in. 
custom, coutume, /. 
cut (to), couper, a. 



VOCABULARY 



85 



cutthroat treaty, coupe-gorge, m. 
cycle, cycle, m. 

Daily, tous les jours. 

dainty, delicat, adj. 

damp, humide, adj. 

dampness, humiditS, /. 

dance (to), danser, a. and n. 

danger, danger, m. 

dangerous, dangereux, adj. 

dare (to), oser, a. 

dark, sombre, adj. 

date, date, /. 

daughter, fille, /. 

dawn, aurore, /./ aube, /. 

day, jour, m. 

dead, mort, adj. and p. part. 

dear, cber, adj. 

death, mort, /. 

debt, dette, /. 

decay, decadence, /. 

December, decembre, m. 

decide (to), decider, a. 

decision, decision, /. 

deck, pont, ra. 

declare (to), declarer, a. 

decline (to), refuser, a. 

deduct (to), deduire, dSduisant, 

d&luit, d£duis, d6duisis, a. 
deed, exploit, m. 
deep, profond, adj. 
defence, defense, /. 
defenceless, sans defense. 
defend (to), dgfendre, a. 
defender, dgfenseur, m. 
definitely, d6finitivement, adv. 
degree, diplome, m. 
delay, delai, m. 
delay (to), retarder, a. 
delegate, delegue\ m. 
delicate, fin, adj.; delicat, adj. 
delicious, delicieux, adj. 
delighted, enchants, p. part. 
delightful, cbarmant, adj. 
deliver (to), delivrer, a. 
demand, demande, /. 



demand (to), demander, a. 
deny (to), refuser, a.; nier, a. 
depart (to), partir, partant, parti, 

pars, partis, n. 
department, departement, m. 
depict (to), depeindre, depeignant, 

depeint, depeins, depeignis, a. 
depravation, depravation, /. 
deprive (to) , priver, a. 
depth, profondeur, /. 
deputy, depute, m. 
describe (to), decrire, a. irr., see 

ecrire (to write). 
deserve (to), meriter, a. 
design, dessein, m. 
desire, desir, m. 
desire (to), desirer, a. 
desirous, desireux, adj. 
detail, detail, m. 
detain (to), retenir, a. irr., see tenir 

(to hold). 
develop (to), developper, a.; sede- 

velopper, refl. 
devotedness, devouement, m. 
devour (to), devorer, a. 
dialogue, dialogue, m. 
die (to), mourir, mourant, mor-t, 

meurs, mourus, n. 
different, different, adj. 
difficulty, difficulty/. 
dig (to), creuser, a. 
dine (to), diner, n. 
dining-room, salle a manger, m. 
dinner, diner, m. 
dinner-party, diner, m. 
disappear (to), disparaitre, n. irr., 

see paraitre (to appear). 
disappointment, desappointement, 

m. 
disaster, desastre, m. 
discipline, discipline,/. 
discount, rabais, m.; escompte, m. 
discover (to), decouvrir, a. irr., see 

ouvrir (to open). 
discovery, decouverte, /. 
discuss (to), discuter, a. 



VOCABULARY 



disease, maladie,/. 

disgraced, deshonorfi, i>. part. 

disguise, travestissement, m. 

dish, plat, m. 

dishonor (to), dishonorer, a. 

disobedience, desobelssance, /. 

displeased, fache\ adj. 

disposal, disposition, /. 

distance, distance,/. 

distant, lointain, adj. 

distinguish (to), distinguer, a. 

distressed, d6sole, adj. 

district, arrondissement, m. 

disturbance, importunity /. 

divide (to), diviser, a.; partager, a. 

divine, divin, adj. 

division, division, /. 

do (to), faire, faisant, fait, f ais, fis, a. 

dog, chien, m. 

domain, domaine, m. 

domestic, domestique, m. 

dominion, domaine, m. 

donkey, ane, m. 

door, porte,/. 

double, double, adj. 

doubt, doute, m. 

doubt (to), douter, n. 

down stairs, en bas des escaliers. 

dozen, douzaine, /. 

draft (sight), traite a vue,/. 

draw (to), tirer, a.; attirer, a. 

drawing, dessin, m. 

dread, epouvante,/. 

dreadful, epouvantable, adj. 

dream, reve, m. 

dress, robe, /. 

dress (to), s'habiller, refl. 

drill, exercice, m. 

drill grounds, champ de ma- 
noeuvres, m. 

drink (to), boire, buvant, bu, bois, 
bus, a. 

drive away (to), chasser, a. 

dry, sec, seche, adj. 

duchy, duche\ m. 

duke, due, m. 



during, pendant, prep. 
duty, devoir, m. 
dwell (to), demeurer, n. 
dwelling, demeure, /. 
dying, expirant, adj. 

Each, chaque, adj. 

eager, apre, adj.; vif, adj. 

ear, oreille, /. 

Earl, comte, m. 

earlier, plus tot, adj. 

early, tot, adv.; de bonne heure, 

adv. loc. 
earth, terre, /. 
earthly, terrestre, adj. 
easily, facilement, adv. 
East, est, m. 
Easter, Paques, m. 
eat (to), manger, a. 
eccentricity, excentricite\ /. 
echo, 6cho, m. 

economize (to), economiser, a. 
ecstasy, extase, /. 
education, Education,/. 
Edward, Edouard, m. 
effect (to), effectuer, a. 
egg, osuf, m. 
egotist, egoi'ste, m. 
eightieth, quatre-vingtieme, adj. 
eighty, quatre-vingts, adj. 
either, ou, conj. 
elapse (to), s'6couler, rejl. 
elect (to), 61ire, a. irr., see lire (to 

read). 
electric, electrique, adj. 
eleven, onze, adj. 
eleventh, onzieme, adj. 
else, autre, adj. 
elsewhere, autre part, 
embarrass (to), embarrasser, a. 
emblem, embleme, m. 
embroider (to), broder, a. 
emigrate (to), 6migrer, n. 
Eminence, Eminence,/. 
emotion, emotion, /. 
employ (to), employer, a. 



VOCABULARY 



87 



empty, vide, adj. 

enamored, epris, adj. 

encircle (to), en tourer, a. 

enclose (to), inclure, a. irr. (p. part. 

inclus). 
end, bout, m.; fin,/. 
end (to) , terminer, a. 
endeavor (to), s'efforcer, rejl. 
endless, sans fin. 
endow with (to), pour voir (de), 

pourvoyant, pourvu, pourvois, 

pourvus, a. and n. 
enemy, ennemi, m. 
energy, energie, /. 
engagement, engagement, m. 
England, Angleterre, /. 
English, anglais, adj. 
Englishman, Anglais, m. 
enjoy (to), jouir (de), n.; s'amuser, 

rejl. 
enlist (to), s'engager, rejl. 
enough, assez, adv. 
enrich (to), enrichir, a. 
enter (to), entrer, n. 
entertain (to), entretenir, a. irr., see 

tenir {to hold). 
entertaining, amusant, adj. 
enthusiastic, enthousiaste, adj. 
entirely, entierement, adv. 
entitled, intitule\ p. part. 
entrance, entree,/. 
envoy, envoye\ m. 
epic, epique, adj. 
episcopal, episcopal, adj. 
epoch, temps, m. pi. ; epoque, /. 
epopee, epopee,/. 
erect (to), elever.a. 
error, erreur,/. 
escape (to), echapper, n. 
especially, surtout, adv. 
establish (to), etablir, a. 
even, meme, adv. 
evening, soir, m. 
evening-party, soiree, /. 
event, Svenement, m. 
ever, toujours, adv.; jamais, adv. 



every, tout, toute, tous, toutes, adj.; 

chaque, adj. 
everyone, tout le monde. 
everything, tout, pron. 
everywhere, partout, adv. 
evidently, evidemment, adv. 
evil, mal, m. 

examination, examen, m. 
examine (to), examiner, a. 
example, exemple, m. 
exceedingly, excessivement, adv. 
except, excepts, prep. 
exclaim (to), s'Scrier, rejl. 
exclude (to), exclure, excluant, ex- 

clu, exclus, exclus, a. 
excuse, excuse, /. 
excuse (to), excuser, a. 
exhaust (to) , epuiser, a. 
exile, exil, m. 
exist (to), exister, n. 
existence, existence,/. 
expanse, etendue,/. 
expect (to), s'attendre (a), rejl. 
expenditure, depense, /. 
experience, experience, /. 
explain (to), expliquer, a. 
exploit, exploit, m. 
expose (to), exposer, a.; s'exposer, 

rejl. 
express (by), par grande Vitesse. 
express (to), exprimer, a. 
exterminate (to), exterminer, a. 
extraordinary, extraordinaire, adj. 
eye, ceil (pi. yeux), m. 
eyelid, paupiere,/. 

Face, figure,/.; visage, m. 

fact, fait, m. 

fail (to), manquer, a. andn. 

fair, blond, adj. 

fair, bon, adj.; juste, adj. 

faith, foi,/. 

faithfully, fidelement, adv. 

faithfulness, fid6lite\/. 

fall (to), tomber, n. 

family, famine,/. 



famine, disette, /. 

famous, fameux, adj. 

fantastic, fantastique, adj. 

far, loin, adv. 

farewell, adieu, m. and interj. 

farm, f erme, /. 

fashion, mode, /. 

fashionable, a la mode. t f 

fatal, fatal, adj. 4 

fate, destinee,/. * 

father, pere, m. v 

fatherland, patrie,/. 

favor, faveur, /. 

favorably, favorablement, adv. 

favorite, favori, m. and adj. 

fear (to), craindre, craignant, 

craint, erains, craignis, a. 
feast, fete,/. % 

feat, fait, m. 
feature, trait, m. 
February, f6vrier, m. 
fee, prix, m. 
feed (to), nourrir, a. 
feel (to), sentir, sentant, senti, 

sens, sentis, a. / 
feeling, sentiment, m. 
felony, felonie, /. t 

feminine, feminin, adj. * 

fertile, fertile, adj. 
festival, fete, /. 
feudal, feodal, adj. 
feudalism, feodalite\/. 
feudality, feodalite\/. 
few, peu de, adv.; quelques, adj. 
fidelity, fid&ite\ /. 
field, champ, m. 
fierce, farouche, adj. 
fifteen, quinze, adj. . ± 

fifteenth, quinzieme, ad0 
fifty, cinquante, adj. - * 
fig, figue,/. 

fig-tree, figuier, m. 

fight (to), sebattre, battont, battu. 

bats, battis, rejt. 
file (to), dealer, n. 
fill (to) , remplir, a. 



VOCABULARY 

9 ^ 

fi n^d final, adj. - 

firfaily'enfinWrfv. 
find (to)^foiver, a. 
fingeijfeoigt, m. 
finisb3to),finir, a. 
fire, 4m, w^ince^die, m. 
firml^fermemeit, a<0o. 



first Jiremier, adj.; ;d'abord, adv. loc. 

fisherman, pecheur, m. 

five, cinq' adj. * 

flag^drapeau, m. 

fla^ftilat, adj. 

flatter (to), flaijgr, a. 

flatter oneself (to), se flatter, reft. 

flattyer, flatteur, m. 

flee *to), fuir, a. (present jrnrt. 

fuyant). 
flock, troupeau, m. 
flood (to), inonder, a. 
fl&H4tffarine,/. 
flourish (to), prosperer, n. 
flowJthrough (to)$traverser, a. 
flower, fleur,/. 
fly (^), voler, n. * 
fold#>ercail, m. . 
foliage, feuillage, rr^ 
follow (to), suivre.suivant, suivi, 

suis, suivis, a. 
food, nourriture, /. 
foot, pied, m. 
for, pour, prep. 
forbid (to), dSfendre, a. 
foregoing, precedent, adj. 
foreigj^ stranger, adj. 
foreigner, Stranger, m. 
forenoon, matin, m. 
forget (to) , oublier, a. 
form, forme,/. 
form (to), former, a. 
formerly, autrefois, adv. 
fornJtoable, formidable, adj. 
forty, quarante, adj. 
forward (to), faire suivre, irr., see 

faire (to do) and suivre {to follow). 
found (to), fonder, a. 
four, quatre, adj. 



VOCABULARY 



89 



fourteen, quatorze, adj. 
fourth, quatrieme, adj. 
fox, renard, m. 
fragment, fragment, m. 
France, France, /. 
freeze (to), geler, a. and n. 
French, francais, adj. 
Frenchman, Francais, m. 
frequently, frequemment, adv. 
fresh, frais, adj. 
Friday, vendredi, m. 
friend, ami, m. 
friendly, amical, adj. 
friendship, amitie\ /. 
from, de, prep. 
frost, gelee-blanche, /. 
frugal, frugal, adj. 
fruit, fruit, m. 
fruitful, f^cond, adj. 
fruit-tree, arbre fruitier, m. 
fugitive, fugitif, m. 
full, plein, adj. 
fully, entierement, adv. 
fun (to make), se moquer, refl. 
future, futur, m. and adj. 

Gaily, gaiement, adv. 

gather (to), cueillir, cueillant, 

cueilli, cueille, cueillis, a. 
Gaul, Gaule,/. 
general, general, m. and adj. 
generally, en general, adv. 
gentleman, monsieur, m. (pi. 

messieurs). 
geography, geographic, /. 
germ, germe, m. 
German, Germain, m. and adj.; Al- 

lemand, m. and adj. 
get (to), obtenir, a. irr., see tenir (to 

hold). 
get rid of (to), se debarrasser, refl. 
girl, fille,/. 
give (to), donner, a. 
give back (to), rendre, a. 
glorious, glorieux, adj. 
glove, gant, m. 



go (to), aller, allant, alle\ vais, 

allai, n. 
God, Dieu, m. 
gold, or, m. 
good, bien, m. 
good, bon, adj. 
good-by, au revoir, m. and inter j.; 

adieu, m. and inter j. 
goods, marchandises, /. pi. 
government, gouvernement, m. 
grace, grace, /. 
gracefulness, grace,/. 
grain, grain, m. 
grammar, grammaire, /. 
grape, raisin, m. 
grape-vine, vigne, /. 
grass, herbe,/. 
gratitude, reconnaissance, /. 
gravity, gravity,/. 
gray, gris, adj. 
great, grand, adj. 
greatest, le plus grand, adj. 
greatly, beaucoup, adv. 
greedy, avide, adj.; gourmand, adj. 
Greek, Grec, m. and adj. 
green, vert, adj. 
ground, terre,/.; terrain, m. 
group, groupe, m. 
grow (to), pousser, n. 
growl (to), grogner, n. 

Hair, cheveux, m. pi.; fair-haired, 

a cheveux blonds. 
half an hour, une demi-lieure, /. 
hamper, panier, m. 
hand, main, /. 
handle (to), manier, a. 
hang down (to), baisser, a. 
happen (to), arriver, imp. 
happy, heureux, adj. 
hard, dur, adj. 
hardened, endurci, adj. 
hardly, a peine, adv. loc. 
harmony, harmonie, /. 
haste, hate, /. 
hasten (to), se hater, refl. 



90 



VOCABULARY 



hat, chapeau, m. 

hate (to), dStester, a.; hair, a. 

hatred, haine, /. 

have (to), avoir, ayant, eu, ai, eus, 

auxil. 
he, il, pron. 
head, tete, /. 
hear (to), entendre, a. 
heart, coeur, m. 
heat, chaleur,/. 
heavy, lourd, adj. 
help (to), aider, a. 
hence, de la, adv. loc; dans, prep.; 

d'ici, adv. loc. 
her, son, sa, ses, adj. 
her, elle, la, lui, pron. 
here, ici, adv.; — is, voici, prep. 
hero, heros, m. 
heroic, heroique, adj. 
heroine, heroine, /. 
heroism, heroisme, m. 
herself, se, elle-meme, pron. 
hesitate (to), hesiter, n. 
hesitation, hesitation,/. 
hide (to), cacher, a.; se cacher, 

refl. 
high, haut, adj. 
highly, hautement, adv. 
highway, grande route, /. 
hill, colline,/. 
him, lui, pron. 
himself, lui-meme, se, pron. 
his, son, sa, ses, adj. 
history, histoire, /. 
hold (to), tenir, tenant, tenu, tiens, 

tins, a. 
holy, saint, adj. 
homage, hommage, m. 
home, maison,/. 
honest, honnete, adj. 
honor, honneur, m. 
honor (to), honorer, a. 
hope, esperance, /. 
hope (to), esperer, a. 
horizon, horizon, m. 
horn, corne, /. 



horrible, horrible, adj. 

horse, cheval, m. 

hospitality, hospitality /. 

host, hote, m. 

hostility, hostility/. 

house, maison,/. 

House of Representatives, Cham- 

bredes D6put6s,/. 
how, comme, adv.; comment, adv. 
how many, combien (de), adv. 
however, cependant, adv. ; toutef ois, 

adv. 
humanity, humanity /. 
humble, humble, adj. 
humbled, humilig, p. part. 
humility, humility/. 
hundred, cent, adj. 
hunger, f aim, /. 
husband, mari, m. 

I, je, moi, pron. 

idea, idee, /. 

ideal, ideal, adj. 

idleness, paresse, /. 

if, si, conj. 

ignorant, ignorant, adj. 

ill, malade, adj. 

ill, mal, m. 

imagination, imagination, /. 

imagine (to), s'imaginer, rejl. 

imitate (to), imiter, a. 

immediately, immediatement, adv. 

immense, immense, adj. 

importance, importance,/. 

impossible, impossible, adj. 

imprisoned, emprisonne, p. part. 

improper, peu convenable, adj. 

in, dans, prep.; en, prep. 

inability, impuissance, /. 

inch, pouce, m. 

include (to), comprendre, a. irr., see 

prendre {to take). 
incompetent, incompetent, adj. 
indeed, vrainient, adv.; en effet, ado. 

loc. 
independence, independance, /. 



VOCABULARY 



01 



inexhaustible, inepuisable, adj. 
inexplicable, inexplicable, adj. 
inferior, inferieur, adj. 
infinite, infini, adj. 
infinitely, infiniment, adv. 
influence, influence, /. 
inform (to), annoncer, a. 
inhabitant, habitant, m. 
inn, auberge, /. 
innocence, innocence,/. 
inside, dedans, adv.; a l'interieur. 
insist (to), insister, n. 
inspiration, inspiration,/. 
inspire (to), inspirer, a. 
instance (for), par exemple. 
instant, courant, adj. 
instead, au lieu de, prep. loc. 
intellect, esprit, m.; intelligence, 

/• 

intense, intense, adj.; infini, adj. 

intention, intention, /. 

interest, interet, m. 

interesting, interessant, adj. 

interpose (to), interposer, a. 

into, dans, prep.; en, prep. 

introduce (to), presenter, a.; intro- 
duce, introduisant, introduit, in- 
troduis, introduisis, a. 

invader, envahisseur, m. 

invalid, invalide, m. 

invasion, invasion, /. 

invective, invective, /. 

invitation, invitation, /. 

invite (to), inviter, a. 

invoice, lettre d'envoi, /. 

iron, fer, m. 

irresistible, irresistible, adj. 

island, ile, /. 

its, son, sa, ses, adj. 

Jacket, veste, /. 
January, Janvier, m. 
jar, pot, m. 
jealous, jaloux, adj. 
jelly, gelee, /. 
jewel, bijou, m. 



join (to), joindre, joignant, joint, 
joins, joignis, a.; rejoindre, a.; se 
joindre (a), refl. 

joy, joie, /. 

joyous, joyeux, adj. 

judge, juge, m. 

judge (to), juger, a. 

judgment, jugement, m. 

juggler, jongleur, m. 

June, juin, m. 

just, juste, adj. 

justice, justice, /. 

Keep (to), garder, a. 

key, clS or clef, /. 

kill (to), tuer, a. 

kind, aimable, adj.; bon, adj. 

king, roi, m. 

kingdom, royaume, m. 

kiss (to), embrasser, a. 

kitchen, cuisine, /. 

kitten, petit chat, m. 

knee, genou, m. 

kneel (to), s'agenouiller, refl. 

knight, chevalier, m. 

knit (to), tricoter, a. 

know (to), savoir, sachant, su, sais, 
sus, a.; connaitre, connaissant, 
connu, connais, connus, a. 

knowledge, savoir, m. 

Lace, dentelle, /. 
lady, dame, /. 
land, terre, /. 
landlady, proprigtaire, /. 
landowner, proprietaire, m. 
landscape, paysage, m. 
language, langue, /. 
languish (to), languir, n. 
large, grand, adj. 
last, dernier, adj. 
last (at), a la fin. 
last-born, dernier ne, m. 
lastly, enfin, adv. 
late, tard, adv. 
later, plus tard. 



92 



VOCABULARY 



Latin, latin, m. 

Latin Quarter, quartier latin, m. 

latter, dernier, adj. 

laugh (to), rire, riant, ri, ris, ris, n. 

law, loi, /. 

lawn, pelouse, /. 

lazily, paresseusement, adv. 

lead (to), conduire, conduisant, 

conduit, conduis, conduisis, a. 
leaf, feuille, /. 
learn (to), apprendre, a. irr., see 

prendre (to tale). 
learned, savant, m. 
learning, science, /. 
least, moins, adv. 
least (at), au moins, adv. loc. 
leave (to), laisser, a.; quitter, a. 
legend, legende, /. 
legendary, legendaire, adj. 
lend (to), preter, a. 
length, longueur, /. 
less, moins, adv. 
let (to), laisser, a. 
letter, lettre, /. 
lie (to), etre couche, pass. 
lie (to), mentir, n. 
life, vie, /. 
light, lumiere, /. 
light, leger, adj. 
light (to), allumer, a. 
like, comme, conj. 
like (to), aimer, a. 
limb, membre, m. 
limp (to), boiter, n. 
limpid, limpide, adj. 
line, ligne, /. 
lion, lion, m. 
literature, litterature, /. 
little, petit, adj. 
live (to), vivre, vivant, vecu, vis, 

vecus, n. 
loaf, pain, m. 
loan, pret, m. 
loan (to) , preter, a. 
local, local, adj. 
locate (to), placer, a.; se placer, refl. 



long, long, adj. 

look, regard, m. 

look (to), regarder, a. 

look (to), sembler, imp. 

lord, seigneur, m.; my — , Mon- 
seigneur; Our Lord, Notre Sei- 
gneur. 

lose (to), perdre, a. 

loss, perte, /. 

lot, lot, m. 

lounge (to), flaner, n. 

love, amour, m. 

love (to), aimer, a. 

love (in), amoureux, adj. 

low, bas, adj. 

lower (to), abaisser, a.; baisser, a. 

loyalty, loyaute, /. 

luck, chance, /. 

lucky (to be), avoir de la chance. 

luxury, luxe, m. 

Mail, courrier, m. 

maintain (to), maintenir, a. irr., see 
tenir (to hold). 

make (to), faire, faisant, fait, fais, 
fls, a. 

malediction, malediction, /. 

man, homme, m. 

mankind, l'humanitg, /.; les hom- 
ines, m.pl. 

manoauvre, manoeuvre. /. 

manuscript, manuscrit, m. 

many, beaucoup (de), adv. 

many (as), autant, adv. 

march (to), marcher, n.; — in file, 
d€fi.ler, n. 

Margaret, Marguerite, /. 

mark 1 (to), marquer, a. 

marquis, marquis, m. 

marquise, marquise,/. 

marriage, mariage, m. 

marry (to), marier, a.; se marier, 
refl. 

marvelous, merveilleux, adj. 

mass, masse,/. 

master, maitre, m. 



VOCABULARY 



93 



! master (to), doniiner, a. 

mathematics, mathematiques, /. 
pi. 

matter, affaires, /. pi.; chose, /. 

May, mai, m. 
I may, pouvoir, pouvant, pu, peux 
or puis, pus, a. 

me, to me, me, moi, pron. 
i meadow, pre\ m. 
; meal, repas, m. 

means, moyen, m. 

medieval, du moyen age. 

meditation, meditation, /. 

Mediterranean, M6diterranee, /. 

meet (to), rencontrer, a. 

meeting, reunion,/. 

member, membre, m. 

memoirs, memoires, m. pi. 

memory, souvenir, m.; memoire, 
/. 

mend (to), raccommoder, a. 

mercy, merci,/./ pitie\ f. 

mere, simple, adj. 

Merovingian, merovingien, adj. 

Messrs., Messieurs, m. pi. i 

Metropolitan, mStropolitain, m. 

middle, milieu, m. 

Middle Age, moyen age, m. 

midst, milieu, m. 

military, militaire, adj. 

mine, le mien, la mienne, les miens, 
les miennes, pron. 

mine, mine, /. 

mingle (to), se meler, reft. 

minister, ministre, m. 

misery, misere, /. 

Miss, Mademoiselle,/. 

mission, mission, /. 

Mister (Mr.), Monsieur, m. 

Mistress (Mrs.), Madame,/. 

mode, mode,/. 

model, modele, m. 

modern, moderne, adj. 

monastery, monastere, m. 

money, argent, m. 

monk, moine, m. 



month, mois, m. 

monotonous, monotone, adj. 

more, plus, adv. 

moreover, de plus, adv. 

morning, matin, m. 

most, le plus, la .plus, les plus; la 

piupart (de), adv. 
mother, mere,/. 
motion, mouvement, m. 
motive, motif, m. 
mount, mont, m. 
mountain, montagne,/. 
mountainous, montagneux, adj. 
mournfully, tristement, adv. 
mouth, boucbe, /. 
move (to), mouvoir, mouvant, mu, 

meus, mus, a. 
move (to), bouger, a. 
movement, mouvement, m. 
much, beaucoup, adv.; as much as, 

autant que. 
multiply (to), multiplier, a. 
murder, assassinat, m. 
murderer, assassin, m. 
murmur (to), murmurer, n. and a. 
muse, muse, /. 
music, musique,/. 
musician, musicien, m. 
must, falloir, — , fallu, il faut, il 

fallut, imp.; devoir, devant, du, 

dois, dus, a. 
mutually, mutuellement, adv. 
my, mon, ma, mes, adj. 
myself, moi-meme, pron. 
mysterious, mysterieux, adj. 

Name, nom, m. 

name (to), nommer, a. 

narration, recit, m. 

narrow, 6troit, adj. 

nation, nation,/. 

national, national, adj. 

natural sciences, sciences naturel- 

les,/. pi. 
nature, nature, /. 
near, pres, prep.; proche, prep. 



94 



VOCABULARY 



nearly, presque, adv. 

necessary, necessaire, adj. 

necessity, necessity, /. 

neckerchief, fichu, m. 

need, besoin, m. 

need (to), avoir besoin (de). 

neglect (to), negliger, a. 

negotiation, negociation, /. 

neighbor, voisin, m. 

neighboring, voisin, adj. 

neither, ni, conj. 

nest, nid, m. 

nestle (to), se nicher, refi. 

never, jamais, adv. 

new, neuf, adj.; nouveau, adj. 

next, prochain, adj. 

night, imit, /. 

nimble, agile, adj. 

nineteen, dix-neuf, adj. 

nineteenth, dix-neuvieme, adj. 

ninety, quatre-vingt-dix, adj. 

no, non, m.; pas (de), adv.; —one, 

personne, pron. 
nobility, noblesse,/. 
noble, noble, m. and adj. 
none, aucun, pron. 
nook, recoin, m. 
noon, midi, m. 
nor, ni, conj. 
not, ne . . . pas, adv. 
nothing, rien, pron. 
notice (to), remarquer, a. 
novel, roman, m. 
November, novembre, m. 
now, maintenant, adv. 
nowhere, nulle part, 
number, nombre, m. 
numberless, innombrable, adj. 
numerous, nombreux, adj. 
nun, religieuse, /. 

Obey (to), ob6ir, n. 
objectionable, desagreable, adj. 
oblige (to), obliger, a. 
obtain (to), obtenir.a. irr., seetenir 
{to hold). 



oc, oui (see Index of Proper Nanus). 

occasion, occasion,/. 

o'clock, heure,/. 

October, octobre, m. 

Of, de, prep. 

offer (to), oflrir, offrant, offert, offre 

offris, a. 
office, bureau, m. 
often, souvent, adv. 
oil, huile, /. 

oil, oui {see Index of Proper Names) 
Old, vieux, adj. 
olive-tree, olivier, m. 
omnibus, omnibus, m. 
on, sur, prep, 
once, une fois. 
once (at), immediatement, adv.; 

tout de suite, adv. loc. 
one, on, pron. 
one, un, une, art. and adj. /this — 

celui-ci, pron. 
only, seulement, adv.; ne . . . que, 

adv. 
open (to), ouvrir, ouvrant, ouvert, 

ouvre, ouvris, a. 
opposed, oppose, p. part. 
or, ou, conj. 

orange-tree, oranger, m. 
order, ordre, m. 
order (to), commander, a. 
organize (to), organiser, a. 
original, original, adj. 
other,' autre, adj. 
our, notre, adj.; nos, adj. 
out, hors, ptrep.; dehors, ado. 
outer, exterieur, adj. 
outside, dehors, adv. 
over, sur, prep.; par-dessus, adv. loc. 
over-crowded, surcharge, adj. 
owe (to), devoir, devant, du, dois, 

dus, a. 
own, propre, adj. 

Package, paquet, tn. 
packing, emballage, m. 
page, page,/. 



VOCABULARY 



95 



paid, paye\ p. part. 

pair, paire,/. 

paladin, paladin, m. 

pale, pale, adj. 

parcel, paquet, m. 

parish, paroisse, /. 

Parisian, Parisien, m. and adj. 

parliamentary, parlementaire, adj. 

part, partie, /. 

particularly, particulierement, 

adv. 
party, parti, m. 
pass (to), passer, a. 
passage, morceau, m.; page,/. 
past, passe\ m. 
pastime, passetemps, m. 
patriarch, patriarche, m. 
pavement, pave\ m. 
pay (to), payer, a. 
peace, paix,/. 
peaked, pointu, adj. 
peasant, paysan, m.; paysanne,/. 
pebble, caillou, m. 
peculiarly, particulierement, adv. 
peer, pair, m. 
penitent, penitent, adj. 
people, gens, m. pi.; peuple, m. 
per cent, pour cent. 
perceive (to), apercevoir, aperce- 

vant, apergu, apercois, apercus, a. 
perch (to), percher, n. 
perfume (to), parfumer, a. 
perhaps, peut-etre, adv. loc. 
period, periode,/. 
perish (to), perir, n. 
permission, permission,/. 
perpetual, perpetuel, adj. 
person, personne,/. 
personage, personnage, m. 
personal, personnel, adj. 
personified, personnifig, p. part. 
perusal, lecture, /. 
Petty, petit, adj. 
pharmacy, pbarmacie,/. 
physics, physique,/, sing. 
pick up (to), ramasser, a. 



picnic, pique-nique, m. 

picture, image, /. 

picturesque, pittoresque, adj. 

piece, piece, /. 

pious, pieux, adj. 

pipe, pipe,/. 

place, endroit, m. 

plain, plaine, /. 

plan (to), faireun plan; organiser, 

a. 
platform, plateforme, /. 
play (to), jouer, a. 
please, s'il vous plait. 
please (to), plaire, plaisant, plu, 

plais, plus, n. 
pleasing, agreable, adj. 
pleasure.Jplaisir, m. 
plebeian, pl6b<§ien, adj. 
plentiful, abondant, adj. 
plot, intrigue,/. 
ploughman, laboureur, m. 
pluck (to), cueiller, cueillant, 

cueilli, cueille, cueillis, a. 
plunder (to), piller, a. 
plundering, pillage, m. 
pocket, pocbe, /. 
poem, poeme, m. 
poetry, poesie,/. 
point, point, m. 
point (to), indiquer, o. 
poison (to), empoisonner, a. 
polite, poli, adj. 
political, politique,/. 
politics, politique,/. 
poor, pauvre, adj. 
pope, pape, m. 
popular, populaire, adj. 
porch, porcbe, m. 
port, port, m. 
possessor, possesseur, m. 
possible, possible, adj. 
postponement, retard, m. 
potato, pomme de terre, /. 
pound, livre,/. 

power, pouvoir, m.; puissance,/. 
practice (to), selivrera. 



VOCABULARY 



praise, louange,/. 
prayer, priere, /. 
preach (to), precher, a. 
precious, precieux, adj. 
prediction, prediction, /. 
prefer (to), prgferer, a. 
premeditate (to), premgditer, a. 
premier, premier ministre, m. 
premises, dependances,/. 
prepare (to), preparer, a. 
present (to), presenter, a. 
preserve (to), conserver, a. 
president, president, m. 
pretty, joli, adj. 
prevent (to), empecher, a. 
previously, prealablement, adv. 
prey, proie,/. 
price, prix, m. 
pride, orgueil, m. 
primary, primaire, adj. 
primitive, primitif, adj. 
princess, princesse, /. 
principal, principal, m. and adj. 
print (to), imprinter, a. 
priory, prieurg, m. 
prison, prison, /. 
prisoner, prisonnier, m. 
privilege, privilege, m. 
probability, probability, /. 
procession, procession, /. 
proclaim (to), proclamer, a. 
prodigality, prodigalite, /. 
profession, profession, /. 
professor, professeur, m. 
profound, profond, adj. 
progress, progres, m. 
prolixity, prolixity, /. 
promise (to).promettre, a. irr., s< 

mettre (to put). 
prompt, prompt, adj. 
proof, preuve, /. 
propelled, mis en mouvement. 
property, propriete,/./ bien, m. 
prospects, chances,/, pi. 
protection, protection,/. 
protest (to), protester, n. 



Protestant, protestant, m. 
prove (to), prouver, a. 
Provencal, provencal, adj. 
proverbial, proverbial, adj. ; legen- 

daire ,adj. 
provide (to), pour voir, pourvoyant, 

pourvu, pom-vois, pourvus, a. andn. 
providence, providence, /. 
province, province, /. 
provisions, provisions, /. pi. 
public, public, m. and adj. 
punish (to),'punir, a. 
pupil, eleve, m. 
pure, pur.Jad,;'. 
pursuel(to), poursuivre, poursui- 

vant, poursuivi, poursuis, pour- 

suivLs, a. 
purveyor, foumisseur, m. 
put (to), mettre, mettant, mis, mets, 

mis, a. 

Quarrel, querelle,/. 
quarrel (to), se quereller, refl. 
quarter, quartier, m. 
queen, reine, /. 
queen-mother, reine-mere, /. 
question, question, /. 
quickly, vite, adv.; bien vite. 
quite, tout-a-fait, adv. loc. 

Rail, rail, m. 

railway, cbemin de fer, m. 

rain, pluie,/. 

rainy, pluvieux, adj. 

raise. (to), lever, a. 

rally (to), se rallier, refl. 

rampart, rempart, m. 

range (to), s'etendre, refl. 

rank, rang, m. 

rapacious, avide, adj. 

rapidity, rapidite, /. 

rapidly, rapidement, adv. 

rarely, rarement, adv. 

rate (at any), en tous cas. 

reach (to), atteindre, atteignant, 
atteint, atteins, atteignis, a.; par- 
venir, n. irr., see venir (to come). 



VOCABULARY 



97 



read (to), lire, lisant, lu, lis, lus, a. 

reader, lecteur, m. 

real, vrai, adj. 

reality, realite\/. 

really, vraiment, ado. 

reappear (to), reparaitre, n. irr., see 

paraitre (to appear). 
reason, raison,/. 
receive (to), recevoir, recevant, 

recu, recois, re§us, a. 
recently, recemment, adv. 
red, rouge, adj. 
reduce (to), r&luire, rMuisant, r6- 

duit, r&luis, r6duisis, a. and n. 
refer (to), r6ferer, a. 
reference, reference,/. 
reflection, reflet, m. 
refuge, refuge, m. 
refund (to).rembourser, a. 
refuse (to), refuser, a. 
regards,complinients,m.jpZ.;egards, 

m. pi. 
region, region, /. 
register (to), s'inscrire, refl. irr., 

see ecrire (to write). 
regret, regret, m. 
regret (to), regretter, a. 
regretfully, avec regret. 
re gular , regulier , adj. ; veritable, adj. 
reign (to), regner, n. 
relate (to), raconter, a. 
relation, relation,/. 
relative, parent, m. 
religion, religion, /. 
religious, religieux, adj. 
remain (to), rester, n. 
remarkable, remarquable, adj. 
remember (to), se rappeler, refl.; se 

souvenir, refl. irr., see venir (to 

come). 
remit (to), envoyer, envoy ant, en- 

voye\ envoie, envoyai, a. 
remorse, remords, m. 
render (to), rendre, a. 
renew, renouveler, a. 
repay (to), rembourser, a. 



repeat (to), repeter, a. 

replace (to), remplacer, a. 

reply, reponse, /. 

report (to), faire un rapport. 

representative, depute, m. 

republic, republique, /. 

request (to), demander, a. 

resemble (to), ressembler, n. 

resist (to), register, n. 

resistance, resistance, /. 

resort, villed'eaux, /.; villegiature. 

/• 
resource, ressource,/. 
respect (to), respecter, a. 
respectfully, respectueusement, 

adv. 
rest (to), reposer, n. 
restaurant, restaurant, m. 
restrain (to), contenir, a. irr., see 

tenir (to hold). 
resume (to), r€sumer, a. 
retain (to), garder, a.; retenir, a. 

irr., see tenir (to hold). 
retire (to), se retirer, refl. 
return (to), retourner, n. 
return (by— mail), par retour du 

courrier. 
revenge, vengeance, /. 
reverie, reverie,/. 
review, revue, /. 
revolution, revolution,/. 
reward, recompense,/. 
reward (to), rScompenser, a. 
Reynard, Renard, m. 
rich, riche, adj. 

rid (to get), se dgbarrasser, refl. 
ride, (in a carriage) promenade en 

voiture, /.; (horseback), a cheval. 
ridiculous, ridicule, adj. 
right, droit, m. 
right, droite,/. 
right (it is), il est juste. 
right (on the) , a droite. 
right (to be), avoir raison, irr., see 

avoir (to have). 
ring (to), sonner, a. 



98 



VOCABULARY 



rise (to), s'elever, se lever, refl. 

river, riviere, /. 

road, route, /. 

rob (to), voler, a. 

robbery, brigandage, m. 

rock, rocher, m. 

rock (to), bercer, a. 

rocky, rocailleux, adj. 

roll (to), rouler, a. 

Roman, romain, adj. 

romance, roman, m. and adj. (/. 

romane). 
roof, toit, m. 
room, chambre, /. 
rose, rose,/. 
rough, rude, adj. 
round, rond, adj. 
routine, routine,/. 
royal, royal, adj. 
ruin, ruine, /. 

rule, regie,/./ domination,/. 
run (to), courir, courant, couru, 

cours, courus, n. 
run away (to), s'enfuir, refl. irr., 

like fuir, fuyant, fui, fuis, fuis. 
rush (to), s'elancer, refl. 

Sad, triste, adj. 

sadly, tristement, adv. 

sadness, tristesse,/. 

safe, en surety. 

safely, en surete" ; a bon port. 

sailor, matelot, m. 

saint, saint, m. and adj. 

salic, salique, adj. 

salutary, salutaire, adj. 

salute (to), saluer, a. 

same, meme, adj. and adv. 

sand, sable, m. 

satire, satire,/. 

satisfactory, satisfaisant, adj. 

satisfy (to), satisfaire, a. irr., see 
faire {to do) 2d person pi. indica- 
tive present regular. 

Saturday, samedi, m. 

sausage, saucisson, m. 



save (to), economiser, a. 

say (to), dire, disant, dit, dis, dis, a. 

saying, dicton, m. 

scanty, rare, adj.; maigre, adj. 

school, ecole, /. 

schoolmaster, maitre d'ecole, m. 

Scotland, Ecosse, /. 

sea, mer, /. 

sea-horse, cbeval de mer, m. 

seaman, marin, m. 

season, saison,/. 

seat, place,/. 

seated, assis, p. part. 

second, second, adj. 

secondary, secondaire, adj. 

security, securite, /. 

see (to), voir, voyant, vu, vois, 

vis, a. 
seek (to), chercher, a. 
seeker, cbercheur, in. 
seem (to) , sembler, n. and imp. 
self-sacrifice, sacrifice (in.) de soi- 

meme. 
sell (to), vendre, a. 
senate, senat, in. 
senator, senateur, m. 
send (to), envoyer, envoyant, en- 

voye, envoie, envoyai, a. 
senior, aine\ m. and adj. 
sentence, phrase,/, 
sentiment, sentiment, in. 
separate (to), separer, a.; se s6pa- 

rer, refl. 
September, septembre, m. 
serious.lserieux, adj. 
sermon, sermon, m. 
servant, serviteur, m. 
serve (to), servir, servant, servi, 

sers, servis, a. 
service, service, m. 
set (to), mettre, mettant, mis, mets, 

mis, a. 
settle (to), s'€tablir, refl. 
seven, sept, adj. 
seventeen, dix-sept, adj. 
seventy, soixante-dix, adj. 



VOCABULARY 



99 



several, plusieurs, adj. 

severe, severe, adj.; rigoureux, adj. 

sew (to), coudre, cousant, cousu, 

couds, cousis, a. 
shameful, honteux, adj. 
shape, forme,/. 
share (to) , partager, a. 
she, elle, pron. 
shelter (to) , abriter, a. 
shepherd, berger, m. 
shining, brillant, adj. 
ship (to), expgdier, a. 
shoe, Soulier, m. 
shore, rivage, m.; bord, m. 
short, court, adj. 
show (to), montrer, a. 
shut (to), fermer, a. 
shut up (to), enfermer, a. 
side, cots, m. 
siege, siege, m. 
sigh, soupir, m. 
sigh (to) , soupirer, n. 
sight, vue,/.; a vue. 
sign, signe, m. 
sign (to), signer, a. 
silk, soie,/. 
silver, argent, m. 
simple, simple, adj. 
simplicity, simplicity /. 
simplified, simplified p. part. 
sin (to), pecher, n. 
since, depuis, prep, and adv.; puis- 

que, conj. 
sincerely, sincerement, adv. 
singing, chant, m. 
single, seui, adj. 
sir, monsieur, m.; sirs, messieurs, 

m. pi. 
sister, sceur,/. 
sister-in-law, belle-soeur, /. 
sit (to), s'asseoir, s'asseyant; assis, 

je m'assieds, je m'assis, refi. 
six, six, adj. 
sixteen, seize, adj. 
sixth, sixieme, adj. 
sixty, soixante, adj. 



skill, habilete,/. 

skin, peau, /. 

skirt, jupe,/. 

slaughter, massacre, m. 

sleep (to), dormir, dormant, dormi, 

dors, dormis, n. 
slender, mince, adj.; svelte, adj. 
slip (to) , glisser, n. 
slowly, lentement, adv. 
small, petit, adj. 
smile (to), sourire, n. irr., see rire, 

(to laugh). 
smoke (to) , fumer, a. 
snare, piege, m. 
snatch (to), arracber, a. 
snow, neige, /. 

so, si, adv.; aussi, conj.; done, conj- 
soar (to), planer, n. 
sob (to) , sangloter, n. 
society, soci<§te,/. 
soil, sol, m. 
soldier, soldat, m. 
sole, seul, adj. 
some, du, de la, des, art.; un peu de; 

quelque, adj. 
some one, quelqu'un, pron. 
something, quelque cbose. 
sometimes, parfois, adv. 
somewhat, quelque peu. 
son, fils, m. 
song, cbant, m. 
soon, bientot, adv.; as . . . as, aus- 

sitot que. 
sooner, plus tot. 
sorrow, tristesse,/. 
sorry, f &che\ adj. and p. part. 
sort, genre, m. 
sound (to), r esonner, n. 
soup, soupe,/. 
source, source,/. 
south, sud, m. 
South of France, midi, m. 
southern, meridional, adj. 
sovereign, souverain, m. 
Spanish, Espagnol, m. and adj. 
spare (to), epargner, a. 

LtfC. 



100 



VOCABULARY 



sparkling, p^tillant, adj. 

speak (to), parler, n. 

special, particulier, adj. 

spend (to), passer, a. 

spin (to), filer, a. 

spirit, esprit, m. 

spite (in— of), malgre\ prep. 

split (to), fendre, a. 

spot, endroit, m. 

spread (to), Staler, a.; repandre, a. 

spring (to), s'Slancer, refl. 

spur, Speron, m. 

square, place,/. 

stab (to), poignarder, a. 

stairway, escalier, m. 

stairs, escaliers, m. pi. 

stake, bucher, m. 

standard, niveau, m.; (i.e. banner) 

Stendard, m. 
Start (to), partir, partant, parti, 

pars, partis, n. 
state, Stat, m. 

statesman, homme d'Etat, m. 
station, gare,/. 
stay, sSjour, m. 
steep, raide, adj. 
step, marche, /. 
steward, intendant, m. 
still, encore, adj. 
stone, pierre,/.; depierre. 
stony, pierreux, adj. 
Stoop (to), se baisser, refl. 
stop (to), s'arreter, refl. 
story, bistoire, /. 
strange, Strange, adj. 
strap, courroie, /. 
straw, paille, /. 
stream, cours d'eau, m. 
street, rue, /. 
strength, force,/, 
strew (to), repandre, a.; semer, a. 
strike (to), frapper, a. 
strip, bande, /. 
stronghold, place forte, /. 
struggle, lutte, /. 
struggle (to), lutter, n. 



student, Studiant, m. 

study (to), Studier, a. 

subject, sujet, m. 

subject to, sujet a. 

submit (to), soumettre, a. irr.; se 

soumettre, refl., see mettre [to put). 
subtle, subtile, adj. 
suburbs, environs, m. pi. 
succeed (to), suceSder (a), n. 
success, succes, m. 
successfully, avec succes. 
successor, successeur, m. 
succumb (to), succomber, n. 
such, pareil, adj.; — a, un tel, une 

telle. 
suddenly, tout-a-coup. 
suffer (to), souffrir, souffrant, souf- 

fert, souffre, souffris, a. and n. 
suffering, souffrance, /. 
sufficient, sufflsant, adj. 
suffrage, suffrage, m. 
sugar, sucre, m. 
suggest (to) , inspirer, a. 
suit (to), convenir, n. irr., see venir 

{to come). 
sum, somme,/. 
summer, et6, m. 
summit, sommet, m. 
summon (to), appeler, a. 
sun, soleil, m. 
sunburned, hale\ adj. 
Sunday, dimancbe, m. 
sunlight, soleil, m. 
superior, supgrieur, adj. 
supper, souper, m. 
supplier, fournisseur, m. 
supply, provision, /. 
support, appui, m. 
suppose (to), supposer, a. 
suppress (to), supprinier, a. 
surely, surement, adv. 
surrender (to), se rendre, refl. 
surround (to), entourer, a. 
surroundings, entourage, m. 
suzerain, suzerain, m. 
swear (to), jurer, a. 



VOCABULARY 



101 



sweep (to), balayer, a. 
swell (to), enfler, a. 
sword, epee, /. 
sympathy, sympatbie, /. 
synod, synode, m. 
system, systeme, m. 

Table, table, /. 

tactics, tactique, /. 

take (to), prendre, prenant, pris, 

prends, pris, a. 
take away (to), enlever, a. 
take refuge (to), se rSfugier, refi. 
tale, recit, m. 
talk (to), parler, n. 
task, devoir, m. 
taste, gout, m. 
taste (to), gouter, a. 
tax, taxe,/. 
tea, the\ m. 

teach (to), enseigner, a. 
teacher, maitre, m. 
teaching, enseignement, m. 
teapot, theiere, /. 
tear, larme, /. 
tear (to), dechirer, a. 
tear up (to), arracber, a. 
technical, technique, adj. 
tell (to), dire, disant, dit, dis, dis, a. 
temperate, tempered adj. 
ten, dix, adj. 
tender, tendre, adj. 
tense, temps, m. 
tenth, dixieme, adj. 
term, terme, m.; condition, /. 
terrified, terrifie\ adj. 
territory, territoire, m . 
terror, terreur,/. 
testimonial, reference, /. 
Teutonic, germain, adj. 
than, que, conj. 
thank (to), remercier, a. 
that, ce, cet, cette, adj. 
that, cela, celui, celle, pron. 
that, que, pron. 
the, le, la, les, art. 



their, leur, leurs, adj. 
them, les, leur, eux, pron. 
themselves, se, pron.; eux-niemes, 

pron. 
then, alors, adv.; puis, adv. 
thence, de la, adv. 
there, la; y, pron. 

there is, there are, il y a ; voila, pi-ep. 
therefore, done, conj. 
these, ces, adj. 
they, ils, elles, pron. 
thick, epais, adj. 
thin, maigre, adj. 
thing, chose,/, 
think (to), penser, a. 
third, troisieme, adj.; tiers, adj. 
thirteenth, treizieme, adj. 
thirty, trente, adj. 
thorough, complet, adj. 
those, ceux, pron. 
thou, tu, pron. 
though, bien que, conj. loc. 
thought, pensee, /. 
thousand, mille, adj. 
thousands, milliers, m. 
thread, fil, m. 
threaten (to), menacer, a. 
three, trois, adj. 
throat, gorge, /. 
throne, trone, m. 
throng (to) , remplir, a. 
through, a travers, prep. loc. 
throw (to), jeter, a. 
throw away (to), jeter, a. 
Thursday, jeudi, m. 
thus, ainsi, adv. 
ticket, billet, m. 
time, temps, m. 
tip, pourboire, in. 
tired, fatiguS, adj. 
to, a, prep.; pour, prep. 
to-day, aujourd'hui, adv. 
together, ensemble, adv. 
toil (to), travailier, n. 
to-morrow, demain, adv. 
tongue, langue, /. 



102 



VOCABULARY 



too, trop, adv. 

tool, outil, m.; instrument, m. 

top, haut, m. 

topsy-turvy, sens dessus dessous. 

torture, torture, /. 

touching, touchant, adj. and prep. 

tournament, tournois, m. 

towards, vers, prep.; en vers, prep. 

tower, tour, /. 

town, ville, /. 

toy, joujou, m. 

tradition, tradition, /. 

train, train, m. 

train (to), former, a. 

trait, trait, m.; signe, m. 

transaction, transaction, /. 

transform (to), transformer, a. 

transformation, transformation,/. 

translate (to), traduire, traduisant, 

traduit, traduis, traduisis, a. 
translation, traduction, /. 
transportation, port, m. 
trap, piege, m. 
traveller, voyageur, ?n. 
treaty, traite\ m. 
tree, arbre, m. 
tremble (to), trembler, a. 
tremulous, chevrotant, adj. 
trial, proces, m. 
trifling, insignifiant, adj. 
trip, excursion, /. 
triumph (to), triompber, n. 
troop, troupe, /./ soldats, m. pi. 
troubadour, troubadour, m. 
trouble, peine, /. 
troubles, troubles, m. pi. 
trousers, pantalon, m. 
trouvere, trouvere, m. 
truly yours, bien a vous. 
trust (to), avoir confiance (en), see 

avoir {to have) ; esperer, a. 
truth, verity /. 
try (to), essayer, a. 
Tuesday, mardi, m. 
tuition, instruction, /. 
turn, tour, m. 



twelfth Day, Jour des Rois, m. 
twelve, douze, adj. 
twenty, vingt, adj. 
twilight, crgpuscule, m. 
twinkling, clignotant, adj. 
two, deux, adj. 
type, type, m. 

Uncover (to), decouvrir, a. irr., see 

couvrir (to cover). 
under, sous, adv. 
undergraduate course, cours 616- 

mentaire, m. 
underground, souterrain, adj. 
underside, envers, m. 
understand (to), comprendre, a. 

irr., see prendre (to take). 
undertake (to), entreprendre, a. 

irr., see prendre (to take). 
undertaking, entreprise, /. 
unfair, injuste, adj. 
unfortunate, infortune, adj. 
unfortunately, nialheureusement, 

adv. 
unhappy, malheureux, adj. 
uniform, uniforme, m. 
uninterrupted, ininterrompu, adj. 
United States, Etats-Unis, m. pi. 
universal, universel, adj. 
university, university /. 
unquenchable, insatiable, adj. 
until, jusqu'a; jusqu'a ce que. 
up to, jusqu'a. 
upon, sur, prep. 
urge (to), engager (a), a.; presser 

(de), a. 
urgent, urgent, adj. 
us, nous, pron. 
use, usage, m. 
use (to), employer, a. 
useless, inutile, adj. 
usual, babituel, adj. 
usually, babituellement, adv. 

Vacant, vide, adj.; libre, adj. 
Valenciennes, valencienne, / 



VOCABULARY 



103 



valor, valeur, /. 
vanity, vanit6, /. 
variable, changeant, adj. 
vary (to), varier, a. and n. 
vase, vase, m. 
vassal, vassal, m. 
vast, vaste, adj. 
vault, voute,/. 
vegetable, legume, m. 
veil, voile, in. 
veneration, veneration,/. 
verse, vers, in. 
very, tres, adv. 
vice, vice, in. 
victim, victime, /. 
victorious, victorieux, adj. 
victory, victoire, /. 
village, village, m. 
villager, villageois, m. 
virtue, vertu, /. 
visit, visite,/. 
visit (to), visiter, a. 
voice, voix, /. 
voyage, voyage, m. 
vulgar, vulgaire, adj. 

Waistcoat, gilet, m. 

wait (to) , attendre, a. 

walk (to), marcher, n. 

wall, mm% m. 

wan, have, adj. 

want (to), vouloir, vonlant, voulu, 

veux, voulus, a.; desirer, a. 
war, guerre, /. 
warm, chaud, adj. 
wash (to), se laver, refl. 
watch (to), surveiller, a.; veiller, a. 

andn. 
water, eau, /. 
we, nous, pron. 
weak, faible, adj. 
wear (to), porter, a. 
wearisome, fatiguant, adj. 
weather, temps, m. 
Wednesday, mercredi, m. 
weed, herbe,/. 



week, semaine,/. 

weep (to), pleurer, n. 

weigh (to), peser, a. 

well, bien, adv. 

wet, mouille\ adj. 

what, que; quoi {interrogatory and 

exclamatory); ce que, pron.; quel, 

adj. 
what is, qu'est-ce que. 
whatever, quel que, adj. 
when, quand, conj. and adv. 
whenever, toutes les fois. 
where, ou, adv. 
whereas, tandis que, loc. conj. 
whether, si, conj. 
whether ... or not, que . . . ou 

non. 
which, qui, pron.; que, pron; lequel, 

laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles, pron. 
while, pendant, prep. 
white, blanc, adj. 
whiten (to), blanchir, a. 
who, qui, pron. 
whole, entier, m. and adj. 
wholesale, de gros; en gros. 
whom, que, pron. 
whom (of), dont; de qui, pron. 
whose, a qui; dont, pron. 
why, pourquoi, conj. and adv. 
wickedness, turpitude, /. 
wide, large, adj. 
widow, veuve, /. 
wife, femme,/. 
wild, sauvage, adj. 
will, volonte,/. 
will (to), vouloir, voulant, voulu, 

veux, voulus, a. 
William, Guillaume, m. 
willingly, volontiers, adv. 
willow-tree, saule, m. 
win (to).gagner, a. 
winding, tournant, adj. 
wine, vin, m. 
wing, aile, /. 
winter, hiver, m. 
wireless, sans fil, m. 



104 



VOCABULARY 






wish, dSsir, m. 

wish (to), vouloir, voulant, voulu, 

veux, voulus, a. ; dSsirer, a. 
With, avec, prep. 
without, sans, prep. 
wolf, loup, m. 
woman, femme, /. 
womanly, feminin, adj. 
wood, bois, m. 
wooded, boise, adj. 
word, mot, m. 
word (to), mettre en mots, see 

mettre {to put). 
work, travail, m. 
workman, ouvrier, m. 
workshop, atelier, m. 
world, monde, m. 
worse, pire, adj. 
worst, le pire, adj. 
worth (to he), valoir, valant, valu, 

vaux, valus, a. 
worthy, digne, adj. 



wound (to), blesser, a. 

wrath, colere, /. 

wrinkle, ride, /. 

wrinkled, ride\ adj. 

write (to), 6crire, ecrivant, ecrit, 

eeris, ecrivis, a. 
writing, ecriture, /. 
wrongly, mal, adv. 

Yard, cour, /. 
year, an, m.; annee,/. 
yellow, jaune, adj. 
yes, oui, adv. 
yesterday, hier, adv. 
yet, encore, conj.; cependant, conj. 
yore, autrefois, adv. 
you, vous, pron. 
young, jeune, adj. 
young lady, jeune fille, /. 
your, votre, pron. ; vos, pron. 
yours, a vous; le votre, la votre, les 
vdtres, pron. 






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